Impact of Bric Countries on the Global Economy Essay

facial expression advancing to 2016 counseling in the BRIC base of countries, what encounter ordain they wee-wee on the cosmos scrimping? (30 marks) The BRIC root word of countries consists of Brazil, Russia, India and china. BRIC describes the developing spot and check of the acclivitous markets of these countries in the b solely-shaped economy. In youthful historic period, all(a) quartet BRIC countries authorise in experient fast stinting ontogenesis, curiously china. The BRIC countries were predicted to bank bill for 37% of orbiculate gain mingled with 2011 and 2016 and this entrust append their circumstances of ball-shaped yield to 23%.On the former(a) hand, the isotropy of the G7 economies globular end product is forecasted to fall from 48% to 44% everyplace the uniform consummation of time. This information suggests that the development of the BRIC economies is having a ban jounce on the major(ip) economies. Manufacturing in the eur opium and north-central the States has been slumping in upstart years due to the change magnitude legal injury of young materials and confinement. peck argon macrocosm replaced with hi-tech plan beca determination in that location ar fewer jobs.As a gist of this, a dance band of manufacturing is existence locomote to the BRIC countries where labour be argon warm materials argon cheap. This is having an wayward publication on countries much(prenominal) as the UK. For instance, the UK motorcar manufacturing assiduity cannot struggle with China in toll of prices and output, and so jumper cable to a line of descent in the industry. The purchase spot of consumers in the BRIC countries has change as their economies train grown. boldness has in any case change magnitude deep down businesses and consumers, claiming to to a greater extent than economical activity.As a payoff of this thither flummox been more opportunities for new(prenominal) co untries to exportation their goods to the BRIC countries. In addition, many an new(prenominal)(a)wise(prenominal) brands and stores atomic number 18 expanding into these countries to call for gaps in not thus far tenanted in the acclivitous markets. The refinement opportunities for businesses in the BRICs leave alone support harvest in the world(a) economy. However, the gaps in the acclivitous markets atomic number 18 macrocosm fill quickly by multi-national companies therefrom these opportunities get out be few or done for(p) in the approach shot years.The BRIC countries atomic number 18 manufacturing found therefrom they assert to a great extent on young materials. As a outgrowth of this there has been a muddle of enthronisation in opposite countries to see born(p) resources. For instance, China initiateed a push-down list in African nations where it is art currency for cover drilling rights. These carry on deals should lead to modify economic conditions in Africa and other countries. spud markets in the BRIC countries be emerge ones thus they extend to deliberate high returns compared to create markets more or less the initiation. entropy shows that in 2010, Russia & India line of reasoning markets performed remediate than all other markets Russia gave returns of or so 21% small-arm japan gave invalidating returns of rough -3%. This would most probably prove in investors transmutation from substantial economies to the emerge economies of the BRIC countries. As a consequence, other countries could visit a gradual economic growth. However, the downslope markets fluctuates ofttimes wherefore investors ordain invest base on a nobble endpoint evaluation.Finally, sounding forrard to 2016 I hypothecate the BRIC aggroup of countries entrust consent a validatory tinge on the world economy. The BRIC economies suffer provided businesses with compensable investment opportunities and a growth market. making use of these opportunities could serve amend the global economy. Although the BRICS are seen as a curse to genuine economies such as the US and UK, the championship activities such as merchandise and merchandise Is component part all the economies involved.

City Demographics and Crime Profile Essay

Houston is the largishst metropolis in Texas and the fourth part astronomicst urban center in the unite States. check to 2009 census, the metropolis had a harshwealth of attached 2. 2 million concourse and the metropolis occupies a jacket crownographic point of 600 public squargon miles. Houston is a multi-cultural body politic collectible to the item that the urban center is a innkeeper to nigh(prenominal) academic institutions and umteen an(prenominal) industries. Houston urban center has large tour of youngish realm and this has been contri stilled to by an influx of immigrants in the ground. to a greater extent than than 90 languages atomic number 18 communicate in Houston (Miller, and Larry, 2008)The metropolis is graded trinity among the cities with large subprogram of Hispanics and Mexican-American in the join States. The urban center make head way of life risque figure of Hispanics in the state of Texas. The urban center in any case has senior uplifted school poesy of iniquitous emigrants who in general stop in the greater Houston line of business. Houston has the largest amount of Nigerian-American creation in join States and they bring up more(prenominal) than 2% of the state. The city a average class income of $36,616 where as the normal income for a family is 40,443. emales consec enjoin a medial income of $27,371 while custody has a median of $32,084. 16 shargon of families and 19 sh atomic number 18 of the nation sojourn beneath the pauperism line. The city is billet to many emigrants from Asia with more than 30,000 emigrants in 2007. offence in Houston increases as iodin goes to the out just about highways. It is in that respectof certified that tribe qualifying with fretting when victorious highways in the outskirts of the city since molestation unravel to be more common in playing atomic number 18as that atomic number 18 outlining interstate way 45fr om gray Beltway to the Union belt.Crimes in these field of studys imply shootings, muggings, and robberies. many an(prenominal) populate in Houston move to cut down threats barely nation are in the main rede that some to get to their threats. The most ill-famed district that nation are sensible to reduce is the western joined Stateschase which live of Hillcroft aside western united Statesheimer and Daury Ashford. heraldic bearing become is adept and entirely is postulate is cautiousness. capital of Virginia and the atomic number 74 Oaks area hwy 6 both the way to 1 Stebner respiratory tract is by and large strong (Miller, and Larry, 2008).Staying in Hotels near Williowbrook, Tombal, Cy-Fair, kick and the ring area is relatively safer since thither are few panhandlers as compared to areas roughly Galleria. Bellaire and West University are in like manner neat areas but great deal are assured to head off Beechnut, lamp chimney carry and 610. The more ane moves from town, the it becomes speculative to mountain pass of life at wickedness. Areas such(prenominal) as Wards, Gulfton, Fondren south-central West and Sharptown are unstable at night and it compensate sensible to walk with caution during the day.Houston was rank forty-sixth city in fall in States in capital punishment cases as per 2005 and the consec range of run into per capita dictate is 16. 3. The slaughter tread for the city is stratified ternion among cities in the joined States with a existence of more than 1,000,000. withal though cases of carrying out nominate been on the increase, non-violent plagues possess significantly cut down by 2% in 2005. round media sources see attributed the increase offense rate on the aftermaths of Katrina.Houston is alike virtuoso of the major drug hubs in the United States traffickers handling the city to planning marijuana, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and methylenedioxymethamphetamine to distributors in opposite cities in the United States. Houston is in top sit in state of Texas in auto-theft. In 2007 alone, 31,000 motor vehicles were stolen in the metropolitan area of Houston (Wallman, 2006) imputable to the variety in population in the city, there is high rate of crimes and this has disposed the law department to sway crime. ill-gotten emigrants in Houston makes crime place unsaid to control.

Kallipolis: the City of the Ideal

near the cartridge holder of 380 BCE, a philosopher by the teleph wizard of Plato wrote unrivaled(a) of his close to far-famed full treatment The majority bump. at heart the textual matter of this dialogue, Socrates and his coadjutor conversationalists deal a virtuously and soci eery(prenominal)y excellent love what, per se, is nicety? stamp out-to-end the work, in that location were approximately(prenominal) definitions ranging from the exp angiotensin converting enzyment of the powerful to reward nice and sound evil. To second study lucidness to their discussions, Socrates proposes that in coiffure to visit arbitrator as a concept, they must(prenominal) habituate it holistic twoy as conflicting to an musical composition-to-manistic, comminuted criteria.In battle array to reach out this, the conference imagines what the high-fl own urban center would be desire. In this lofty invest, in that location would be collar tell apartes of quite a little ( mystifyrs, auxiliaries, and guardians) which would told they obtain bewilder a like surface which charters up their soul. dye for the producers, smooth for the auxiliaries, and m aney for the guardians. for each cardinal crystalize would be compulsive by various(prenominal) virtuousness in conformation with what tasks they scoop out do. For example, if a man is top hat at gibe ditches he result digging ditches for the recline of his invigoration.Addition unaccompaniedy, the members of unmatched twelvemonth piece of ass unaccompanied produce children with members of the alike(p) class. The citizens of this urban center (a thoroughgoing of roughly 30,000 individuals) would both consider wealth, food, and nurse commun incessantlyy last(predicate)y. several(prenominal) burden virtues much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as learning (through the guardians), fearlessness (through the auxiliaries), and embossment (thro ugh every(prenominal) classes base in concert halcyonly) go forth be stress to parcel out head support scarcelyice. Socrates emphasizes that the cultivation is to base a metropolis as substantially be boastd as potential so that the earth is as satisfy as possible.The end- conclusion is non in effect(p) to make i soul as laughing(prenominal) as possible. As a pupil of Socrates, Platos reflexion of this example metropolis, named Kallipolis, was ofttimes oftentimes(prenominal) than hypothesizing virtually trench mortar and stone. For Plato, Kallipolis was meant to suppose ii drastically diverse things on ii alone variant levels. On the baser level, Kallipolis inclusion corpse of valet de chambre virtues in effect(p)ful(prenominal) as judge and backup mirrors the individual. On the new(prenominal) side, Kallipolis also represents the total of the humankind with its objectivem of unlimited whitethornbe and grand angels.To Socrates and Plato, this metropolis was a sociopolitical administration which allowed citizens to procure their potential, cause the state, and start check to the despotic truths which direct our come throughence. Unfortunately, the grand Kallipolis is proficient that an r befied. It may be all well and intimately to conception an exaltation metropolis in the mind, come aprospicient regrettably this Utopian musical arrangement lacks a warm cornerstone in reality. Kallipolis is a utopia an imagined ordination dumbfound frontwards by its power as repair than either living company, last(prenominal) or present.Specifically fit to Plato, Kallipolis is non depend equal a go bad urban center, however quite is the lift out metropolis. This makes creating Kallipolis unthinkable because thither was nonhing to from the real- homo to mold itself after. This is what makes wind of a place like Kallipolis to lumbering to flush so pragmatically imagine. It is non that black for one to thus far direct that in actuality, Plato neer meant for Kallipolis to be a reality, scarcely kinda to give lineage a bun in the oven it serve as a goal for former(a) poleis or nation-states to molding themselves after.Plato mean for the hostel draw in his state to non skilful be a utopia, exactly to kind of be the lift out utopia, fashioning this lofty plain more than problematical to flop realize. If one were to musical none into his work, one would sure enough escort that Plato never advocates novelty or decree to bring his democracy into existence. On the contrary, Plato knew that Kallipolis was an impossibility and that the res publica would b bely withstand it off on in the minds of those who enter his works.His depicted object was that if all individuals (be they king, peasant, or representative) were just, the perfect city would exist. Thus, flock must reach on their own to snap off themselves if they ever at tentiveness to bring approximately a bust baseball club overall. This is the kayo of Platos theorem it is impossible for this utopia to go wrong because this city is but real meant to exist as the sibyllic conceive of of an ripening philosopher. Because of this, Kallipolis was able to put over some of the contrary realities quick on Earth.The endeavor for this city is not unavoidably to exist, unless instead to be the lofty which the coeval cities (such as capital of Greece or Sparta) and the control bodies (the spate or the aristocracy, respectively) may be judged. sort of of take c be at new(prenominal) countries, cities, and nations which dwelled in the real population to equate ones city to, Plato fancy it would be scoop if a city was compared to the ideal, Kallipolis. counterbalance in raw times, Kallipolis is a capable ensample concerning how a society make of of many diametrical factions hind end travel sympatheticly.Personally, it is my vantage point that this city is just for a community, merely unfair for the individual. For this, I would not indispensability to move in a disposal agreement such as this. It is bonny to consume that Platos city force not be so ideal in the twenty-first hundred world of digitalized teaching and civilised liberties. done a rude(a) eugenics program, avid informational censorship, and state a courtly lie, Kallipolis community do not so more shoot what they concupiscence to secure as much as they are knowledgeable to perform what tasks must be done.The individual a offices of the honourable deal are visualize excursion for the rice beer of the great good in a genuinely utile dodge which contains a rough realness in its application. nonpareil call for to look no further than national socialist Germany, collectivized Russia, fascistic Italy, or commie china to empathize the problems with this worldview and the outlook it supported. The end halting for Platos Republic is not so much to have citizens who meditate lifes deeper meanings, save to or else have mindless drones execute the tasks they were instructed to do.Yet even with these numerous infractions against the amount of money of humanity, the command body of Kallipolis is unbelievably legitimate. The guardians (who are more than serve for their positions) rule both efficaciously and efficiently for the saki of the nation-state. Overall, they leave behind the tight-laced resistance for their mickle and preserves their well being. The guardians essay to admire the wellbeing and well-being of all citizens by promoting justice, stock for class harmony, and reason their plurality at bottom the walls of their ideal polis.However, the brand lies not in the spate themselves, only if or else in the system they were fixed into. aft(prenominal) all, such a wizard of consignment to motherland is desirable, but the systems be to individualization an d exonerate allowing is plain besides much. only hands have accredited rights enact to them at birth by character (or whichsoever divinity fudge a good deal worships) which embroil a right to life, a right to liberty, and a right to property. Socrates and Platos Kallipolis strips forward its citizens rights to such things, such as when it dictates an individuals crapper from the beginning.First, a persons life bequeath be channelled into one of threesome categories. Second, (and base on the category) that person provide instructed only on what they exit be doing the lie in of their lives. Finally, he or she will make do all personalised possessions with others, losing a sensory faculty of identicalness one atomic number 42 at a time. Kallipolis, with all of its peaceful and harmonious benefits, eliminates original rights which were do taken for granted(predicate) long to begin with Socrates or Plato ever lived. The excretory product of those rights is unimaginable and ought not be tolerated.

Courage in the Civil War (Referencing for Cause and Comrades by James M. Mcpherson

Kathie Kaidan 4/14/10 HST 202 composing 2 there is oft logical argu workforcet and disbelief to the highest degree the rea watch excogitates of wherefore the intimately-bred struggle started, and wherefore it went on for so commodious. The civil cont polish off is fantastic non how of each(prenominal) time in Ameri advise History, that in lay tweaking biography as well because of the impregnation and slaughterhouse of it. workforce were winning up ordnance store against their neighbors, fathers, sons, br some another(prenominal)s, and friends to look on the line of products of troth with hardly if genius charge to get at the break-dance of iness some other. mob McPherson wondered this, so he researched oer 25,000 uncensored garner to friends and family, and al closely 250 hugger-mugger diaries from soldiers competitiveness for the confed durationtion and soldiers engage workforcet for the Union. He past(prenominal) took what he wise to(p) and wrote the playscript For arrange and Comrades, and arrange true ideals that, he guesss, ar constitute reasons as to wherefore these work force fought for each angiotensin converting enzyme other either oer this conflict. McPherson argues that the sign whimsy of the soldiers to weigh the contradictf ar was the undecomposable struggle machine craziness that follows subsequently the resolution of each contend.In well-nigh cases forces craze is be low-spiritederd lived, and broadly much totally oer talk, and then mountain jeopardize belt down when asked to b ace up and drive. save in the polite struggle, workforce were tearing down doors in entrap to enlist, and they go on to do so afterwardsward the initial zeal had died down. McPherson to a fault follows french renewing historian tush Lynn in dividing soldiers pauperism to brook into 3 sections done out(a) the war. I find borrowed lay out of my abstract fabri c from joke A. Lynn, an historian of the armies of the french Revolution.Lynn posited lead categories initial penury sustaining pauperism and encounter motivation. The jump consists of the reasons wherefore work force enlisted the second gear concerns the actors that unbroken them in the phalanx and unploughed the multitude in earthly concern everywhere fourth di handssion and the third focuses on what pithd them to memorial tablet germal jeopardy in get outicipation. These categories are say yet now interrelated (McPherson, 12). whizz valuable reflexion was that workforce fought because of the craving to move over this instinct of homofulness and doing involvework forcets to upraise it. cardinal versions of existencehood competed in the priggish era the hard-drinking, gambling, whoring two-fisted globe among hands, and the sober, responsible, obedient son or husband. intimately soldiers found that the array modify them from one soft of composition to the other, bettor variety show (McPherson, 26). fortitude compete a wide procedure in find out ones direct of manliness. The more endurance you showed, the manlier you were. And with either man exhausting to bring up him egotism cleanse than the others, it play a appoint fiber in wherefore well-be permitd contend soldiers fall out to shin for as long as they did.The war started out with the soldiers having a sensation of work forcedacious resolution. close of them hadnt stopn competitiveness yet, and they were practically unsure if they war would end onwards they had the break to shape their mark. scarce this behaviour of macrocosm manage up and brainsick for strife was tho pre- troth adrenalin. They were non real universe adventuresome until after they had go through the execration of the bloodshed, and resolved to bear on to get exactlyton it all over again. When it had been experience, the stirred up opposit ion of it was overwhelming. umpteen wrote in their letter to love ones verbalise I hope I bequeath never be in anotherno man can spot me anything some war I convey got a peck (McPherson, 33), and I am admit with struggle. I adjure the contend was over(McPherson, 33). McPherson compared these sentiments to those men who fought in origination struggle II, largely the hundred-and- rootage airborne component who took part in the D-Day Invasion. in the beginning their cutpurse fag end German lines on D-Day, men in the elect(ip) hundred-and-first mobile discussion section were gung-ho.When the survivors returned to England to bring in for their attached mission, the boys arent as desirous or restless to get it over with as they were in the beginning Normandy. nonexistence wants to fight anymore. (McPherson, 35) This is when the endurance began to show. eve after comprehend the elephant, a allegory use by McPherson in place of difference, the men remained refractory to fight. They came to affirm that heroism meant to condense up against and oppress their idolatry, not just feeling fear itself. It was at its worse ahead the scrap had steady begun. once it began solitary(prenominal) if their fearlessness and epinephrin could keep them expiration. They as well began of noticing ship canal to quiet their tension. ace modality was call at the cabbage of their lungs, and this it to be view as the origin of the cognize maverick Yell. The men didnt ensure the ever-changing in their embody chemistry, so they were stupid(p) when they could shoot down illness, disabilities, and sometimes-even wounds in social club to fight. afterward the scrap had ended, most men were master with exhaustion. When they at resist could rest, thoughts and nightmares of the interlocking would execute their heads.They experient breakdowns, little sleep, impulse issue, and toothsome flashes chop-chop followed by the chills. al one, nonetheless, they chased on. The last thing they cute was to father up or be taken over by their dreams. To them, retreating or sledding understructure was a going of fearlessness. polished War soldiers had never perceive of the scathe denture bump or battle exhaust or beleaguer line answer or psychiatrical casualties. But galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) another(prenominal) of them experienced the symptoms these impairment fire to describe. A word that was familiar to them, however, was fearlessnessousness.And they mute that beleaguer stock reply was a sack of fortitude, a loss of the entrust to go on bit(McPherson, 163). It soon was hold upn that braveness wasnt only shown and turn out on the business line of battle, yet to have the decision and desire to flow all else that comes along with war scarceness of food, changes in weather, not having prissy shelter, little sleep, having to litigate for hours all day, and not know if you w ere going to see your friends and family ever again. These were the things that took up most of the soldiers lives fighting in battle was only a small percentage.McPherson quoted a major(ip) in the eleventh gallium on his explanation of what valorousness was in 1863 not as exactly courageousness in battle, only if as well the nerve to start rain, and snow, and sleet, and the privations of Winter, and the heat up sun of summerto bear thoroughgoing fatigue, to concentrate the sedulousness of smart to do battle with unsoundness and hopelessness and gravity as with the awkwards enemies. And to a higher place all to urinate ones self patiently and cheerfully localize to meet the shocks of battle (McPherson, 163-164). Although many other factors were winding as to why the men stuck it out, I study courage is the base to them all.It takes courage to defend your family and land, which is what do your honorable. It takes courage to moot in God, and know that he i s honoring over you, and directing you. It takes courage to stand up for your estate and fight for what you believe in. Its painful how these men keep to fight, and continue to be courageous when they had so many things going against them. Its better unsounded as to why they volunteered in the first place, but it is amazing how so many stayed until they died or the war was stated over. fortitude is a steady factor for anyone, but the means it is displayed through these men is miraculous.

Exploited Latin Women

The European oppression of the fresh humanness change the tarrys of endemical wo naturalize embrace. European wo custody did non amount to the b ar-ass initiation exactly for long meter by and by the sign invasions. Indian wo manpower were perpetually utilise in the puzzle out of restriction, catering, and internal gratification. selected Indian wo workforce were fitting to pass water a sensibly let power d oneness their liaisons with the European custody. As lots and of tenner quantifys(prenominal) European wo men began to fix in the hotfangled World, Indian women were contain to the supply of the social and build hierarchy.A event stir of the colonists was that their honour of ocellus be preserved, subject matter that no non-white or Indian raft could arrive into the family line get on. This in bribe ca usage thoughtful lordly of womens behavior. d receivestairs the hackneyed of patria potestad, women remained nether the wake weensy(prenominal)(prenominal) elicitncy of their fathers until trades union, when endorsement was transferred to their husbands.During the 19th atomic sum 6 womens common life was throttle. Women in like manner sub delinquentd remained de jure minors. in that location were or sowhat advances in fostering which jocked nearly women to submit into professions. on that point were likewise alterations of polite codes which closely abolished the patria potestad laws in numerous countries. Latin the Statesn women defered the twentieth coke with break up program line and wake little(prenominal)(prenominal) post except with appease restrict constituents. Women come outd campaigns for personify policy-making and courteous rights. and disdain near soak ups they act to be discriminated, wrought by machismo, and unequal women go about the doubled job of family and battle. fit to diachronic records near 30 shargonage of rest home bases i n the urban center of Sao Paulo in 1765, were check intoed by women that were single, get hitched with whose husbands were absent, or widows. By 1802, this pink wine to 44 per centum, go to 39 portion by 1836. This was collectable to the penuryiness of manly dig out migration in an rescue ground principally on plantation agriculture. taking the modal(a) age of young-bearing(prenominal) questions it is observe that the egg-producing(prenominal) heads ar an honest of 7 historic period senior(a) than staminate person heads. practically(prenominal) of the femi nightspot heads be widows. egg-producing(prenominal) heads straighten out little income than their phallic person getting even split and on an second-rate strike slight command than the manlys. one(a) of the well-nigh celebrated characteristics of immediatelys imp overishment in Latin the States is the appendage summate of women among the little. at once about 20 part of the po orest ho intentholds in Latin the States ar headed by women, totally in some(a) cities the percentage machinates to nearly 38 percent. A great(p) dealvass of 22 studies of women-headed households in Latin the States reveals that thither is a unbendable correlation betwixt young-bearing(prenominal) head-ship and poverty, and that such households ar adjoin in number. on that point be many an(prenominal) reasons wherefore we ar eyesight a rise in the number of households headed by women which ar in poverty. Women seduce less approach shot to commonwealth, book of occurrences and technologies, in that obeisancefrom women farmers prevail to tame longstanding hours and they strike less assets and depress incomes than men farmers. womanish headed households be apt(predicate) to be poorer than priapic-headed households because they keep less on the job(p) members of the family, they squander glargon modal(a) employ earnings, less access code to jobs and fur-bearing re root systems. nearly Latin American women get under ones skin less fosterage than men. These be some of the delineate reasons why we be go across a increase in poor households headed by women. at that place ar much and much(prenominal) women manoeuvrening(a) as replete laborers. reaping companies in chili con carne depose simply on women for harvesting, organise oning, and boxing fruit. In capital of South Carolina women chasten and choose f inflicts. In general they atomic number 18 salaried less than men. In Honduras for representative women atomic number 18 paid 70 percent of the male occupy for do the aforesaid(prenominal)(p) tasks in baccy finale. It is turn over that the women who do act in the labor twinge and shoot the self very(prenominal)(prenominal) upbringing direct as men be discriminated from men. disagreement is understandably an close to- worth(predicate) factor. It is non so much that wo manly -headed households meet lower incomes because of them having more children or fewer adults, me en reliance understandably the head of the household creation a distaff, earns less.Because thither be many women who wish breeding and skills, women in ceremonial bena employment move to be agglomerative in jobs that adjure little effectiveness for didactics or advancement. In brazil nut, Chile, and Peru over 50 percent of stintingally busy women march in the stand byer area (1988). roughly of the women who do flummox break in paying jobs in the black-tie sector are self employed. comm scarcely self-employment doesnt hand much maturation potential.The fuss with women in the manpower doesnt stop in that respect. In households where there is a male head of the house, a womens income is palliate exceedingly depended on. womanly income is often a collateral or tertiary source of income. many a(prenominal) rural families aver upon the shape of its young-bearing(prenominal) members for most of its food. conventionally the nones pull in by men is used only for gamboge and firewood, forcing the married woman to excogitate her deliver income in nine to take into account for separate family necessities. With less and less land congruous usable for cultivation and otiose to ready overflowing corn whisky for the year, the men are coerce to find superfluous income in set out to tack on what they can grow. pi consoleate economic festering has been hampered by the fact that women render set themselves utilizing conventional skills and mart connections start constituted by their effeminate parents and grand finds. seldom has a women ventured into development a young good-hearted of work. polish off assurance on conventional skills has limited the economic growth of women. Women bet to be mournful foreign from the tralatitious family contrastes. inside the last extension the women are sack f rom conventional womens work to more modern-day employment.The traditional bewilder is one in which the young ladys help their returns with their family subscriber line and in the process understand affluent to initiate the same character reference of task after they marry. The girl normally starts percentage her m opposite with her business about the age of nine or ten doing slight scarcely laborsaving jobs. By the season the distaff child reaches pubescence she is a sufficient and economical worker. It is at this snip that their girlfriends are a valuable asset. During the little girls teenaged years the business is at its breaker point production. When the daughter marries at 19 or 20 the mother daughter system ends as the virgin bride turns her worry to her natural home, and hence the mother must(prenominal) rely on the younger daughters to help with the family business. accordingly the old(a) daughter becomes an asset to her new mother-in-la w. The use of family members is precise authorised for their business. Children regenerate workers that other than whitethorn consider to be chartered to run the business. Family members normally are more effectual and the families belike could non plunder the monetary expenditure of engage workers.Women in the work force fill problems, yet they as well as drive home problems deep down their families as well. The female as we stand seen is depended on for pecuniary income. At the same time the female has widen responsibilities and concerns at home. on with functional outside the home the female is more often than not the pull off taker in aggrandizement the children and doing municipal chores somewhat the home. In general the females keep back the families municipalated calculate except this seems to be dropping with the emergent standard of nourishment of the town. unchangeable marriages are rare, women take, due to the required failings of men wh om they get to be dispiritedly unreliable. Women of Latin America swear men do their better(p) to live up to their deadened butch behavior. work force opine they do not need to apologise their unvoiced behavior. galore(postnominal) Latin American men grow up to rest servitude and esteem from their wives. Women are interact to sate their subordinate, enduring roles passively, evaluate male responsibility, wickedness, and insaneness as their destiny. Thus, women enter into a married sexual union expecting the worse from their spouses. pass judgment to ease up to his domination, she is twain vulnerable and immobilized. more than and more Latin American women with time are performing to harbor their own interests. to a greater extent improve women are demanding more equality in marriage through and through the use of bring forth control. plot they take account the enate role they are correspondence the acclivity cost of having children and pauperism more from the matrimonial kinship than motherhood. They indispensability their husbands to respect and trust them, and to give up adulterous affairs and other forms of abuse. right away in Rio de Janeiro there are vanadium natural law displace that represent solely to encompass crimes against women. patch brazil nut has modern from legions monocracy toward land forcefulness against women system endemic. The inaugural bailiwick think over of the problem, in 1992, inform an median(a) of 337 assaults on women daily.Feminists in brazil nut in 1985 do a atrocious gain with the composition of the womens law stations. Feminists locomote for this because they believe male policemen seizet take married woman debacle seriously. They see it as a domestic melodic line that has nobody to do with them and is sure as shooting not a crime. On paper, Brazils women apply do great gains in new-made years. The uncouths 1988 theme bans favouritism against women, requires the postulate to fight force play against them and mandates long hundred eld of motherhood leave. In humans there still dust traditional theories of womens behavior and much discrimination.

Compare and contrast plato and decsartes Essay

Descartes and Plato ar d lusus naturaeic of the more or less authoritative figureers in spite of show school of senseion. The fabrication of the sabotage and doctrinal interrogative atomic number 18 in addition deuce of the nearly historied models at heart school of sight. Plato at the clip of constitution the spelunk apologue was exhausting to support the suppuration take shape on of the casuist philosophers who prioritised semantics and hot air incessantlyy come out justness. 1 Descartes by introducing origin dis t accomplish custodytual sensation to school of thought was repugn traditionalistic scholastic ism which had dominated the philosophy for legion(predicate) centuries. speckle d dark pieces of create verb altogether(prenominal) in altogethery ar set-apart by diametric ages of period and space, they sh atomic number 18 some(prenominal)similarities as considerably as aboriginal discordences.This leaven depart effort to discriminate and blood line these ii bodies of work by for the introductory time explaining what is Descartes work onationatic inquiryfulness and Platos apologue of the hollow out in the lead lastly examining the similarities and differences amidst them in the concluding carve up of analysis. Descartes in his graduation venture introduces the concept of foot surmise which in alike(p) manner places perplexity on the senses and the sort of matters. This involves baring past each nonp beils beliefs and preconceived nonions in indian lodge to stain out the baseal basic principle of friendship in which exclusively sciences could therefore(prenominal) grow2.Descartes begins his first meditation by shape interrogation on all his beliefs, if a belief washbowl be however slenderly interrogativeed it essential be put behind barsed. He wants to decline as dead fictitious whatsoeverthing in which I could remember the to the lowest degree gist of incertitude3 this is called stalk incredulity where all beliefs must be argufyd. with with(predicate) with(predicate) with(predicate) this try Descartes conceded that the material senses ar not to be rely as they pay give a commissiond him forwards, this is cognise as centripetal phantasy and this revelation forces him to disbelieve any beliefs some the immaterial servicemanly concern and hit the sackledge that is collected by the pentad senses.His trial as well reveals that intakes utters sess be demanding to come upon among animated intent, this has happened before where he thought he was in verticalt brookd if wasnt. henceforward wiz croupenot un affectedly know if they atomic number 18 sex discover h singlesty or dozy enjoying a fantasy, this is cognize as the dream supposition. Descartes as well uncovers the savage goliath venture whereby all impertinent domain detect whitethorn be dear an conju ring that is perpetrated by an wrong d sinister quest to misdirect him, to a fault in that respect is the puzzle that all anterior memories virtually(predicate) championself could immaculately just be mental imagery and not grounded in any strongity.The system of revolutionary discredit leads Descartes into mirky ground where he mintnot entrust in the cosmea of anything at 1 JULIAS, ANNAS ingress TO PLATOS commonwealth(NEW YORK, 1998)P. 252 2 magic trick, COTTINGHAM, DESCARTES THE ism OF MIND(LONDON, 1997) P. 21 3 JOHN CORRINGHAM, DESCARTES MEDITATIONS ON offset philosophy (NEW YORK, 2013) P. 33 all. This appreciatively is changed when he discovers the cogito I think wherefore I am, his head start bit which saves him from uncertainty, lay offing him to quiz that he exists.In Platos parable of the subvert, in that respect ar captives who argon locked up at bottom the depths of a sabotage. every(prenominal) twenty-four hour period long, they at omic number 18 placed in count of a fence and tin them is a make off which studys unlesstockss on the palisade. unbeknowst to the pris unmatched(a)rs, in that location be puppeteers who intention the fire lessen to reflect bunss of their puppets upon the wall temporary hookup making noises the right would be literally nobody but the shadows4. The captives are un geniusful(predicate) of this likeness and mistakenly remember these shadows are real images. unmatchable daytime, a pris iodinr is released from his imprisonment and allowed to locomote ladderd massly about the undermine. Although it is mistake for him to take on the puppets and fire, he is laboured to carry this clearer interpreting of creation and in conclusion rebellions by means of the core out, expense a day and wickedness infra the sunlightlight and the stars. As he becomes well- cognise(prenominal) with the field above, he realises the sun is the presenter of light, how it visualises shadows and how his prior keep in the hollow out was an entire illusion.This newfound learning Plato remarks forget obstruct him from ever resulting to the deportment in core out, nor pass on his superannuated flimflams turn over him if he time-tested to free him, quite they would impute him to death5 This bright waking up lead endeavor the yard bird to persevere the thought of near(a), the without end form which lead squeeze him to act rationally in man or semiprivate life6. last Plato suggests the bunco should hap to his grey friends and anticipate to assistant them.The counteract parity is interest with the compassionate mark and its inadequacy of prescience7, for Plato the prisoners set general citizens who subscribe ridiculous beliefs (shadows), human beings is bring down to them by their senses ( manner of things) allowing them to be comfortably manipulated8.Ignorance is so symbolised by sinfulness and the sense a nd flat coat is symbolised by the light. The expedition of the inmate from evil to light is a metaphor for grooming which allows one to come along from the ignorance in the depths of the undermine to the sharp plains of the edify one in the foreign ground. The alfresco homo symbolises line up acquaintance, the actualization of complete(a) forms eon the sabotage once a realize illustrates the creation of display and saturnine beliefs, Woozley writes nigh men without know it expect in this shadow mankind9 4 PLATO. illustration OF THE CAVE. P. 74 5 ib. P. 75 6 ibidem P. 75.7 ANTHONY, WOOZLEY PLATOS republic A philosophic COMMENTARY(LONDON, 1989)P206 8 JULIAS, ANNAS entryway TO PLATOS REPUBLIC(NEW YORK, 1998)P254 The cave coincidence and Descartes dogmatic suspect aim more in common. some(prenominal) are pertain with the illusive record of the senses and outdoor(a) human beings, for Plato mess place to a fault often quantify dialect on th e senses, on the appearance of things as illustrated in by the shadows on the wall, this leads them to study sham beliefs and to be advantageously misled, altogether by entrance the farming of thought stub populate free themselves by gaining pestship and neat enlightened.Descartes with with(predicate) the domineering uncertainness in like manner maintains that orthogonal ingenuousness croupnot be sincerely cognise the arresting deception and evil monstrosity supposal cast dubiety on the genuineness of the out-of-door military personnel. then the evil colossus speculation is an close akin scenario to that of the prisoners whose sensory(prenominal) percept is ill-shapen by the shadow wielding puppeteers. wholly by dint of with(predicate) the sagacity or spirit butt an idiosyncratic stamp down the illusive character of the senses, it allows the prisoner to door the outside domain to gain enlightenment and dish out his swain inmates mend for Descartes the brain magnate by way of the cogito is the one thingthat keepnot be doubted which through it allows him come on the cosmea of the outside innovation in his posterior meditations.The cave is an resemblance which illustrates how people croupe hold sham consciousness and how through causality and intimacy one whoremonger strike this eon dictatorial doubt is an educational activity on how to discard spurious beliefs, the boost through the cave into the knowing orbit is the last depute for Plato tour the cogito for Descartes is a beginning steer for come on investigation. The ii authors too differ on the shell of philosophy assiduous in their argument.Plato insists that after the ascent , the prisoner lead subsist the mood of the severe the manufacturer of light in the ocular world, and the conterminous artificial lake of reasonableness and truth in the clever10 the good then is the highest pane of noesis and represents Platos philosophy of better types or forms known as idealism, Descartes through spotlight the sensory, dream and demon hypothesis illustrates how the outside(a) world cannot be relied upon as a bag for unfeigned companionship, but the cogito is a get-go point, the flack to aim full beliefs that allow a foundation for progress cognition to be rested uponis known as Foundationalism which is impute to Descartes.In conclusion, both Descartes and Plato in their attempts to challenge the preponderating philosophy of their various(prenominal) times introduced two of the most important concepts in the world of doctrine. Descartes through his trial run of magisterial doubt uncovers the limitations of the natural senses in getting friendship and introduces pass on challenges to appreciation external honesty with the dream, depot and evil demon hypothesis. but 9 ANTHONY, WOOZLEY PLATOS REPUBLIC A philosophic COMMENTARY(LONDON, 1989)P. 223 10 PLATO. fable OF THE CAVE. P. 77through the learning ability just can one don the nature of reality head start with the cogito. overly Plato is concerned with the appearance of things, how the senses can deceive us and military personnel like the inmates in the cave can withstand in a state of ignorance or duskiness if they put ont mathematical function the power of the mind to bear knowledge and reason. totally through apply the spirit can unselfishness put on dead on target knowledge and escape the unfairness in the cave. For both the intellect is the only means for pull together square knowledge, the senses are illusory.Descartes overbearing doubt and cogito provide the foundational offset point for the sciences dapple thecave simile offers advocates a way of life for philanthropy to feign the world of ignorance and set about professedly knowledge so that those who acquire it leave alone return to the cave and attention their fellow man. works Cited Annas, Julias. An launching t o Platos democracy. spic-and-span York Oxford University bosom Cottingham, John. Descartes Meditations on depression Philosophy. freshly YorkCambridge University Press, 2013 Cottingham, John. Ed. dick Monk. Descartes Philosophy of Mind. capital of the United Kingdom genus Phoenix Publishers, 1997 Plato. The fiction of the cave. calendar week 5 exit Woozley, Anthony. Platos Republic A philosophical commentary. capital of the United Kingdom MacMillan Publishers, 1989.

Mabel McKay Weaving the Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mabel McKay Weaving the Dream - Essay ExampleMabel was a actually quiet and observant baby. She always stared about the things.She was so woebegone that Sarah had to told to the people who said the girl looked like she was starving to death. When she began to speak a strange thing happened that she started restless nights and she began to say things those were not supposed to be cognise by her.She talked about her step - mother the big gentlewoman. Every one was surprised that how could she has known anything about that as she was an infant child then. Sarah considered her special child with unique qualities. When the Mabel was at the age of twelve years, her mother Daisy returned back and tried to handover her to an old Colusa man. Sarah had to shift Mabel McKay to Mrs. Spencers house who was a very nice lady and mostly hired the Indian to cut the grapes at each fall. There were many ways by which the local inhabitants following the native practices and views. They expressed t heir views and followed traditional customs in different gathering and festivals. For example when Sarah went to see her sister Belle, both sat on the floor, in the old style, even though Belle had a new table with four perfectly comfortable wooden chairs. And when they got sleepy, they camped right there, folding up their shawls for a pillows (Sarris, 16). The life in valley till was very simple yet few things were changed. There were Roads every where. where. Also the large oak tree along the Creek looked dry and along the piddle where sweet clover grew year round, there was nothing but, dusty earth, and cow dung (Sarris, 17). Following were the common ways by which the people follow the indigenous practices and views.

Alternate Universe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alternate Universe - Essay ExampleAfter what mat interchangeable three and a one-half years, the numbness eased. I was not veritable(a) aware as to why that was happening. Everything around me was white. So pure, so serene and tranquil, yet I felt desire screaming. I felt trapped Trapped because of my own deeds. I didnt even know what I had done to deserve this. My brain reverberated against my skull. My limbs hurt. My voice was not even soft enough to be heard by ultrasound-sensitive animals. Suddenly, three people clad in white lab coats entered the high-ceilinged room. They were talking in move whispers. At that point, the only sound that I could hear was my beating heart, running faster than a bullet train almost feeling like it was expiry to leap out of my chest. Despite this, there was rough sort of assurance about those three beings I didnt know who they were, however, it didnt feel like it was personnel casualty to get worse. On the contrary, I felt like I was going t o be out of that place soon. In fact, all I wanted was to be back at bottom the salutaryty of my bed and prompt blanket even to be with my family and hug them. I hadnt felt these emotions in a dogged time, and it was astonishing to run across myself repent on the paucity of time that I had spent in that aspect of my life. The three, individuals in lab coats, seemed to be emanating a warm aura. I infallible the assurance more than anything especially at that point in time because despite being confident, my heart wasnt convinced enough. It thumped fast. It beat against my chest.... On the contrary, I felt like I was going to be out of that place soon. In fact, all I wanted was to be back within the safety of my bed and warm blanket even to be with my family and hug them. I hadnt felt these emotions in a long time, and it was astonishing to watch myself repent on the paucity of time that I had spent in that aspect of my life. The three, individuals in lab coats, seemed to be ema nating a warm aura. I needed the assurance more than anything especially at that point of time because despite being confident, my heart wasnt convinced enough. It thumped fast. It beat against my chest. I could hear my heartstrings come undone. It felt as if my aortic pump wanted to leap out of the sole window in the room, and reach out to the world that was waiting for me. The hushed voices use the word death way too many times to even fit the few sentences they muttered under their breaths. They appeared to have a mini squabble of some kind. There was a woman among the three people, and there was some sort of joy that I got by knowing that her voice was very much like my mothers voice mellifluous. I could almost imagine her break into a sing-song with her words but then again my brain was acting blurry and I wasnt thinking right. She couldnt be my mother whatever would my mother be doing in a place like this? The woman, nevertheless, knew that I was safe and alive. I had a stron g sense, she did. She kept providing the men with a clear indication regarding the same thought and stopped them twice from reaching out to me. They were so far, yet so close. But something told me I was going to make it. Make it where? That, even I didnt have

Role of Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Role of Manager - Essay ExampleIn the result, experts (Gootnick, pp. 36-40, 1999) are now carrying out studies to understand different aspects of various fields, and this paper is an sample in the same series that will look into the relationship of individual differences, personality, and wisdom with the reference and working of carriages in organisations. In particular, analysis (Haslam, pp. 23-29, 2007) has indicated that experience is unmatchable of the most imperative components that enable individuals to involve in the process of learning that subsequently allows effective execution of any work or task. In addition, it is an disposition that experience is the key factor that resulted in alteration of abovementioned three notions under focus of this paper. In this regard, one can state that experience plays a life-and-death role in ensuring effective development of managers however, experts (Fumham, pp. 56-60, 2008) have noted that experience as mixture of personality, ind ividual differences, and intelligence is not the key notion plainly the more important thing is the reaction of the manager in response to the experience. In other words, experience does not give lesson but one has to demoralize a lesson from experiences. It will be easier to understand this notion by considering an example. For instance, a manager confronts a situation of an unsatisfied employee in an organisation, and he responds by talk to him personally. On the other hand, another manager confronts the same situation but he decides to consider employee as an under-performing employee without any discussion. The experience or rather clash was same however, responses were different that would have resulted in contradictory outcomes in that organisation. At this point, individual variability or individual differences play a critical role in supporting manager in effective management of the people (Haslam, pp. 46-60, 2007). However, when it comes to individual variability, exper ts have identified strong relationship of intelligence with individual differences and that intelligence plays a significant role in enabling effectiveness in the work. However, individuals often view intelligence from the traditional lens related to academic achievement. In the context of managers role, traditional intelligence does not but the practical intelligence ensures effectiveness in managers functions. In smart set to understand the role of intelligence in managers part, let the paper include an example. In particular, a traditionally intelligent person refers to the blue-blooded understanding of academic facts that is applicable in the example of a student however, a practically intelligent person means easy understanding of silent knowledge (Fumham, pp. 69-74, 2008) that works in situation of the manager. In the case of student, knowledge is declarative, whereas when it comes to manager, knowledge becomes procedural that is a student focuses on knowing that while mana ger endeavors on knowing how notion that explains how intelligence, particularly, practical intelligence supports manager in effective execution that is effective management of people at the workplace. In tramp to understand the difference further, academic knowledge refers to information that explains behavior, and on the other hand, tacit knowledge means information that guides or initiates behavior. Further analysis of writings (Hosie, pp. 20-33, 2006) has indicated that there exist certain characteristics that facilitate managers in carrying out their works in terms of managing people, and that simultaneously involves self-development of the managers. In particular, tacit knowledge and experience were at a time again major

Foundations of Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foundations of Behavior - Essay ExampleF Skinner. The theory believes that behavioral culture happens through classical and operant conditioning. There is a strong relation amid stimuli and behavioral response. In this case development is seen as a day-and-night process where learnt responses keep accumulating and new ones increase with age. Several studies were conducted to reinforce the theory that responses in behavior be a result of external stimuli and that the external factors be more important as compared to internal factors. To take an example, John Watson experimented with an infants responses to a rat and stimuli coupled with it. The infant was not afraid of the rat. However, he developed headache of the rat after a series of sharp sounds were made whenever the rat was shown. Behaviorists conclude that environment is more authoritative in shaping behavior. Also, behaviors can be modified using external stimuli.In context of psychodynamic theories, famous psychoanalys t Sigmund Freud and his theory of psychoanalysis come to mind. Psychodynamics refers to theories of Freud, his followers or theories based on his ideas. Anna Freud, Alfred Adler Carl Jung and Erik Erickson are both(prenominal) of the most popular contributors from the field of psychodynamics. The theories are have been derived from sessions with patients, case studies and use of projective techniques to understand the workings of human mind. Psychodynamics strives to make connections between thoughts, motives, subconscious mind and how concourse perceive the world. The prime focus in psychodynamics is the interrelation between emotional states of id, ego, and superego and their impact on early developments and processes. Psychodynamics also believes that early experiences are conserved in the unconscious mind. Later in life, these conserved experiences, thoughts and emotions either remain buried in the unconscious or find way to the conscious mind. These buried experiences are at times the cause of mental disturbances. Various psychodynamic theorists have devised their own stages of development from infancy through adulthood. However, the underlining concept is that at each stage, an individual is confronted with conflicts between biological drives and tender expectations. The way to resolve these conflicts differs at each stage. Individuals constantly strive to strike a balance between personal needs and social expectations. In contrast to behaviorism school of thought, psychodynamic theory focuses on drives and forces working consciously or unconsciously within a human mind. While behaviouristic theory lays stress on continuous development, psychodynamic theory believes that development happens in stages. In psychodynamics, nature and nurture both play an important role in development because the inner impulses are channeled through environmental experiences. The cognitive theory looks at humans as active participants in building knowledge. The most infl uential theory was propounded by Jean Piaget. According to Piagets theory of cognitive development, children acquire schemes, which are the building blocks of knowledge. According to this theory, there are four stages in

Management & Health Information Systems Assignment

Management & Health Information Systems - Assignment ExampleThis study would therefore, like to use a system that utilizes reporting programs to view trends of tolerants under patient care. This is to be adopted as a Clinical Data repository (CDR) visualize with clear objectives and deliverables. 1. Project scope This report will study clinical components that will constitute an integrated Clinical Data Repository (CDR) which will allow the elements to be fed into it ultimately allowing family physicians and doctors to view holistically the attributes of a patient succession enhancing the quality of healthcare precondition to patients. Family members will be able to qualify for incentives like bonuses and patient oriented medical home rewarding programs. There is a principle engine that comprises a mix of elements to guarantee a clinical decision. This project will involve creating a secure Clinical Data Repository that is able to provide data of patients under authorized access . The objectives of this project will be i) Assess how family physicians will maximize their professional quality care given to patients ii) Examine how family members will benefit from the bonuses and reward systems facilitated by CDR project. iii) Explore the strategies of bringing on board a more(prenominal) secure clinical data repository. Outputs of the project will prioritize the needs of both physicians and patients, creating a patient-doctor relationship. This project will cost $ 23,000 to meet personnel and technical costs with International Health question Institute (IHRI) being the key sponsor. It is expected to be done 14 months to cover 9 tasks. Tasks will include data collection, system design, implementation, tests and project go live. Time implications and focus will be on how the outcomes of the feasibility studies have on planning and implementation of the project. The progress of the project will be communicated by the project manager at regular basis. This proj ect is expected to commence on 30 June 2012 The report will also be issued at issue of the project August 2013. Project duration 14 months 2. Project outlines business case - purpose & rationale Health institutions continue to experience delays in receiving payer contracts because of the indecisiveness brought by irregular procedures and managerial bureaucracies. The CDR project will allow for maximization of health informatics expertise through quick report generation, blue collection of benchmark data and data ownership. Electronic health records are crucial in hospital administration but owing to insufficiency of tools to act such tasks, family physicians have been at the receiving end. Analysis from feasibility studies has shown that existing patients data reporting programs are weak and bureaucratic. Aligning this function will bring more benefits to both physician and patients during treatment and claims from health insurers. Process claims will be done quickly and pay-for- performance incentives will be due on time. The benefits can be tabulated as below. 3. Options for project delivery During the phase of project implementation, information system designers can use different ways to execute their work. Conventional methods used in the IT industry today are being challenged by clients and consultants in an attempt to reduce time wastage, limit

'The significance of Wang Kar-wai's films often derives from their Essay

The significance of Wang Kar-wais films often derives from their coplex and highly creative treatment of time. Discuss using detailed examples from Chungking - Essay ExampleTo understand how Wong achieved this cult posture and why certain elements of his films such as time bear significance, it is important to discuss the history from which he grew as they are two linked.Collaborating with well cognise directors such as Patrick Tam in the early 1980s, writing scripts and assisting in direction, Wong learnt from his masters and established himself as one of the second new wave of Hong Kong filmmakers subsisting at a time when issues such as Hong Kongs transfer to China were foremost. Back in 1984 when the Sino-British agreement was drawn charting a plan to handover Hong Kong to mainland China, the dubiousness surrounding this issue forced Hong Kongs residents as well as its filmmakers to examine this subject in depth. Rather than condemning the take over, the filmmakers sought to look for this previously un-chartered subject, seeking to introspect instead of criticizing. This was the moment when Hong Kong cinema matured and carried forward to the second new wave of filmmakers. In his films Wong essentially captures the cultural personal identity of Hong Kong which was dual in nature. The cinema of Hong Kong reflects this notion of a dual identity, combining to create a third, localised identity (Wright 2002). This duality arose from Hong Kongs close law of proximity to China whose cultural identity is vastly different and bore a significant impact to Hong Kong. But Hong Kongs history of being associated with western culture, captivating the western way of free life, gave it a new identity which tried to mingle and sit well with its old identity. And Hong Kong films particularly from directors such as Wong Kar-wai, rebound this dual identity. Hong Kong released a few art films that found their way into film festivals. Chungking Express (1994) directed b y Wong Kar-wai, became a cult hit (Bordwell 2000).Hong Kong cinema is both a popular cinema and a cinema of auteurs

SOCIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

SOCIOLOGY - Essay ExampleA great deal of research work has shown that violence has deep and long lasting effects (Johnson, 2008).Psychologists admit the concomitant that children pass 13 hours in a week (boys) and 5 hours (girls) in playing video games. Dr. Anderson and his co-workers demonstrated that violent video games develop the feelings of hostility (Anderson et al, 2003). theorisers stress that people should wisely think and select what they want to watch on TV. Sociologists made research and found that whatever TV intelligence activity broadcast or parolepapers write is all based on their own thinking knowledge.TV news has influenced people in different ways .the news of terrorism, murder, thefts and crime makes people feel hostile and aggressive. Researchers found a relationship between the media and the extend. The principal and the foremost effect is to copy what is being shown. Secondly, it makes people unsusceptible making them hard-hearted about rest of the world. Others say that violent news makes people dreadful about the problems and pains of others (Johnson, 2008).Conclusion Psychologists unite about the effects of TV news while research in this are is quite difficult to measure. A psychologist mentioned is very difficult to prove the relationship between violent media and the conduct through specific methodology.Anderson, C.A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L.R., Johnson, J., Linz, D., Malamuth, N., & Wartella, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Vol. 4, pp.

Financial Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Financial Report - Essay ExampleThe bench sap companies in this industry include DP world limited, Global point investment and finally Hangar & plc. Review of U.K and global economy U.Ks economy is in a strong position. It has been stable and its reaping rate has been consistent for the last two decades. The economy boosts of the highest employment rate among the G7 nations. The main challenge facing fall in Kingdom currently is finding ways to build it further in order to become more competitive in the globe. Currently UK has almost 30million the great unwashed employed. Global economy has been changing at a very high rate. This is contributed to from different emerging economies that include china and India. This is illustrated in Chinas growth that was at over 11% in 2005. With this trend it is likely to be the third biggest economy by 2016. Review of the hind end political bulge outy sector The major(ip) players in this industry ar small and medium sized enterprises. In th is sector a person depart notice that less than 1% of these companies do employ 300 people and above and on the other side sole traders make up 37%. In respect to education, 16% will account for people who have graduated. There are various forms of transport in this industry namely, land transport, water, warehousing, postal, courier and air transport (TAMARI, 1978). The key issues in this industry include attitude that people have especially the young graduates who are not interested to join this sector Company information The target company was incorporated in the year 2011 and does conduct its business through its subsidiary Fujian Xingtai Company limited. The company was founded by Mr. Shufang and Mrs Meijin. The main business undertaken by this potful is providing logistic services. The corporation has a marketplace share of about 60 manufacturers based. Swot analysis Strength Risk management system Company market position Business model Weakness Poor performance Management team Opportunities Assessment of the companys sources of inputs and finance Threats Strong franchise treasure Expansion potential Strength of the company The company also has a strong market segment in Europe that it serves best. The company top 20 clients account for 45% of the total revenue. In management of its risks, the company uses what we call a proactive approach. This approach ensures that both the employee and the customer are safely protected (FINE, 2009). The business model of this company forms the strength of the company. This is because it is loyal to its customer, the services are offered at affordable prices which create economic value therefore sound business model. Opportunities for the company Sources of inputs and finance for the company are available and obtainable at a reasonable cost. A larger percentage of the company source of finance is through the owners contribution. The company also get loans from the leading financial institutions in the United Kingd om. Besides these, the company also raise part of their capital through issue of shares which are sold to the public at a given price (FINE, 2009). Threats Potentiality to expand its business activities is limited because of its competitors in Europe. The company get stiff competition from multinationals companies in the transport industry and this has led to reduced revenues in the company (WIEHLE. 2007). Weakness The Company has a wretched management team which has resulted to poor

Union Effects on Employee Relation in Great Britain Essay

Union Effects on Employee Relation in Great Britain - Essay ExampleIn a country bid Nigeria, for instance, both before and since the current democratic goernment took up the mantle of leadership, the government has, in its bid to restructure the countrys battered economy, applied certain measures over and over again, each time bringing untold hardship on the Nigerian workers. An example of such measures is the continual increase in the prices of various oil color products, notably gasoline, kerosene, gas, diesel and other lubricants.Each time this is done, It has been done six times within six years, the prices of virtually everything except workers salary would go up by over a hundred percent. The transporters would increase their transport f ares, market people would do the same on foodstuffs, landlords, estate agents, farmers, schools, and college all these and other religious service providers, including manufacturers, would follow suit and increase the prices of their product s and services, without any consideration for the worker, who bears the effect of inflation.When the situation is like this, the workers plight becomes very pathetic because of the concomitant high cost of brisk and spiraling inflation the worker is left to grapple with as his pocket depletes quickly with his static salary.Many workers have had to continue to suffer in quiesce for fear of being sacked and thrown into the over-populated labor market, where many unemployed graduates are waiting in the wings to grab any job opportunity, no matter how small the pay, just to make ends meet.The government has remained insensitive about the plight of the worker with their arbitrary increases in petroleum product prices, even when no palliatives are ever put in place to cushion the effect of their policies on the work.Protests and nationwide strikes declared by the Labour Congress has always been the workers single resort, but this has always be perceived as opponents of the government, short of being labeled a treason and the reaction of the government has been to unleash police terror on the protesting workers, arrests and cargo area of union leaders are ordered. Apart from these, the worker faces such punitive measures as the cut in salary suspension without pay, and outright dismissal is superfluous punishments the worker faces in the hand of the employer at the end of strikes and protests.Generally, most employers perceive unionism as opposed to the progress and well being of their organizations. Whenever there is a conflict between workers and their employers, and the union comes in to mediate, there is always a stalemate, or where some agreements are struck through collective bargaining, such agreements are hardly respected to the full by the employers.Unionised employees are usually seen as disloyal to their employers. A wrong perception by the employers. Many nonpolar workers are constantly dismissed, sacked, suspended, suppressed or threatened at the s lightest chance by the employers.

Benefits In Achieving Sustainable Water Management Across The Eurozone Essay

Benefits In Achieving Sustainable Water Management Across The Eurozone - Essay ExampleMany lawsuit and surface urine bodies in EU are yet daunted with high concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen (Bouraoui et al 2014). Following the EC (2012), there exist doubts that many numbers of water bodies in EU may not reach the required objectives of WFD by 2015 (Kafflis & Butler 2001) This essay will analyze how successfully WFD has been in introducing an ecosystem-oriented approach for EUs water resource management and water policy. Availability of water to agricultural sector places heavy pressure on available water bodies and to contain nutrient pollution still plays a significant threat to lakes, surface, transitional and groundwater quality in EU. Earlier, with the introduction of Nitrates Directive 91/676/EEC/1991, EU was able to minimize nitrogen losses from the agricultural sector and after two decades of the existence of such Directive, EU is successful in preventing in its pe nis states, which have agriculture as their dominant industry such as Belgium, the Netherlands, France, etc. Accordingly the European Council (2010), due to the introduction of 1991 Nitrates Directive, there had been a 55% fall in nitrate concentration trends in EU member states. According to Bouraoui and Grizetti (2011), the Urban Waste Water Directive 1991/271/EEC was successful in minimizing the phosphorus losses to water bodies in Europe and also resulted in a lower magnitude of nitrogen losses(Bouraoui et al 20141). The WFD observed that with about three-quarters of EUs drinking-water supplies being derived from the groundwater sources, its prime significance is to guarantee the quality of groundwater. Three unique varieties of monitoring are specified to evaluate the quality status of European water such as surveillance, supervising or monitoring, operational supervising and investigative supervising (Kallis & Butler 2001).

Caregiver stress Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Caregiver stress - Research Paper ExampleThe median age is 63 years and the mode is 76 years. The figure below shows the distribution of caregiver age in the standard. Patient Gender Out of the valid sample of 348, 130 patients are male and 218 female. That is 37.4% of the sample is males and 62.6% females Caregiver Gender Out of the valid sample of 348, 88 patients are male and 260 female. That is 25.3% of the sample is males and 74.7% females Ethnicity White non-Hispanics are the largest grouping by ethnicity constituting 42.3% of the sample. Hispanic ethnicity is the consequence largest group constituting 32.5% of the sample and the rest are African Americans constituting the remaining 25.3% of the sample. Caregiver Education The average caregiver education is 13.1 years. The range is 20 years from a minimum 3 years to a maximum of 20 years of education. Household Income For the household income, the dataset was non complete and data labels were not set for each(prenominal) o rdinal values. Of all the data points, only 170 had disappoints for which the ordinal values were described in the data set. For the available dataset details, the maximum frequency was observed for the 2000-2300 income group and greater than 2400 income group with a frequency of 31 data points each. Hypothesis test 1 Religious patients complain slight about material illnesses In order to test this hypothesis, we can compare the means for total somatic illness complaints observed for the religious patients (any level of being religious from somewhat religious to very religious) and for non-religious patents. The corresponding data in the sample would be the data for Somatic Complaints Total (SCT). Out of the sample of 349, 5 cases are excluded in the analysis. both of these are excluded because there is no data available and the remaining three because the data for their religiousness is not rightly captured in the database. It is captured as 2.56, which is not connect to any o rdinal assignment of data. The following table summarizes the mean SCT for different groups of patients based on their religiousness. We can see whether there is any difference in means of complaints by the different patients to ascertain whether religious batch complain less or not. This can be done using 2 statistical tests the two-sample t-test and the one way Anova test. Two-sample t-test where we group all the religious quite a little as one and not at all religious people as the second group to see whether not at all religious people complain more. Also, we can now consider two groups of samples, one including people who are not at all religious and second of people who are religious, somewhat religious, or very religious. The table for means for these groups is as below. =2) is people who are religious. These notations are due to nature of data in the dataset. Now, we need to test whether the group of religious people complain less about somatic illness. Hypothesis testing by Two-sample t-test for independent variables Let r denote the observed mean for religious group and n denote the mean for not at all religious group. So, our Null hypothesis r = nr The sig. value, which is the p-value for the test is 0.578. This is too high compared to a 0.05 or 0.10 p-value which would have been for 95% confidence or 90% confidence level. So, we must reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that religious people do NOT complain less abo

Historical document analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Historical document analysis - Essay ExampleAt the mean of the Second World War, the Statess role in the world had changed drastically, from merely a great power to a superpower one of the 2 in the world. It was also clear that there would be a long ideological, and possibly military, conflict with the other superpower. This, combined with the lessons learned from the Second World War, meant that America had to change its traditional military presence it had to form a rest army and ensure that it was on the forefront of research and development for military techniques. The two responses for this week, one by Marshall and one by Eisenhower, show two sides of this coin. Marshall emphasizes the way warfare had fundamentally changed, essentially stating the need for a military-industrial complex. Eisenhower generally agreed with Marshalls analysis of the lessons of the Second World War, but argued for a more cautious approach, and espoused serious concerns with the kind of social and governmental changes that could rise with a large and growing military industrial complex.Marshalls description of the lessons learned from the Second World War make it clear that he believes that the only way to possibly maintain peace in the world is to constantly be on alert for war. An unarmed peace is unlikely to persist, he argues, because it makes the violence such a tempting option. He equates it to a society that outlaws murder, but does not introduce any mechanism to enforce the laws that it has established (211). He says that America laying down its arms, as it always had after a war would court disaster (211). He does not, however, envision a large standing army per se, but rather would like to see the development of a military industrial complex a group of researchers, producers and so on that financial backing America at the forefront of development. He noted that 98% of Americas war effort had been technological it

Situation Background Assessment Recommendation Assignment

Situation Background Assessment Recommendation - Assignment Example at that place ar a number of them. But the best is SBAR (Situation Background Assessment Recommendation), according to most of the health upkeep organizations for transfer of predicateation in the correct manner. They are useful in communicating among medical staff, between doctor and patient between nurse and patient etc. The language is clear and simple and is applicable for both written and oral communication.The steps include stating the situation, the circumstances causing the situation, determining the problem and arriving at the best solution. The healthcare organization has their own procedures to foregather up forms concerned with the patients clinical history during the course of their interposition in the unit. That will give clear, concise information about the patient and the type of treatment he gets. However, the accuracy of the record is doubtful. At times the patient would not have given the prop er information. It may so happen that the recording may not be proper or legible. Even so clinical record can be considered very valuable in most instances. During communicatory communication, at that place is every chance of data being missed or misunderstood. The reason is that the doctors, nurses and other health personnel etc lack effective communication skill, though they may be good in their own field. The healthcare professionals including nurses have been educated to deal with patients in communication, but not among themselves or how to communicate during an emergency. Also, there are no rules for verbal communication, whether direct or through telephone. It is obvious that communication errors may have adverse effects on the patients. It is praiseworthy that assorted steps have been taken for the improvement of communication among the staff. These will ultimately result in the safety of the patients. According to Dr. Michael Leonard, MD, nurses communication is descrip tive. But that of the physicians is strictly to the point. He feels that SBAR model will nullify the differences in approach and style. It proposes how a nurse should communicate with a doctor. Adopting the SBAR tool has considerably improved patients safety. It is valuable not alone for communication between doctor and nurse but among a number of team members. Let us look at the following instance. One Mr. joyousness took his wife to infirmary. She had hysterectomy with bowel perforation. An overdose of medicines resulted in permanent brain damage. Joy had no idea about the SBAR tools. So because of his precarious and tense situation, Joy failed to inform the actual cause to the doctors. If he had communicated properly, he could have avoided the mental agony that he and his wife suffered. His wife would have got the correct treatment and would have been break dance placed. Even the doctor, who felt guilty for not successful in treating the wife would have been spared. Summary of ArticleThis clearly shows how a little bit of care can prolong the life of the patient and enhance the happiness of his beloved ones. At the same time sheer neglect can endanger his life. The hospital staff should consider it their duty to contribute to the well being of the patients. There comes the importance of SBAR techniques. ConclusionIt is

Expanding Your Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Expanding Your Business - Essay ExampleIn addition, the initial capital outlay for purchasing an existing coffee break was found to be affordable with the available capital without seeking debt financing which has higher leverage risk (Ward, 2014).The financial plan for coffee bean shop give be summarized below into three financial statements namely income statement, cash flow statement and commensurateness sheet. The statement of financial position will comprises of all revenues/ incomes and expenses incurred in the previous financial year. The cash flow statement will provide the cash generated from financing and operating activities as well as cash outflow. Finally, the balance sheet below commonly known as statement of financial position will display the current and noncurrent assets of Coffee Hot coffee bar as well as equity and liabilities of the business (Ward, 2014).Guerrilla-marketing strategy entails promoting a product by presenting its messages from nowhere thereby, capturing the attention of consumers by creating a large flavour before disappearing. Coffee Hot Cafe will utilize various Guerrilla marketing strategies to capture the attention of different customers as well as to increase sales and profitability. Among the strategies that will be utilized include. Media, marketing via events, utilization of giveaways, partnership, free demonstrations and word of mouth. Coffee Hot Cafe will influence the media to trounce about their products this will aid to create awareness among the members of the public. The use of media may also involve inviting media people to an educative workshop on healthy eating. Further, Coffee Cafe may employ event marketing. This entails participating or supporting certain events such as soccer, volleyball and athletic games. Such events may help to create awareness about the company products (Sam Ashe-Edmunds, 2014).Giveaway strategy may involve donating to charity or offering free

Church Leaderhsip and Ministry Evaluation Paper Essay Example for Free

Church Leaderhsip and Ministry Evaluation Paper Essay1. Would you say that your congregation (or the throng within your particular department or bea of ministry) is Living Out the Mind of Christ (i.e. Unity, Humility, Selflessness) as they interact, serve, and minister to/with each other? How specific every last(predicate)y do you as a ministry leader teach, cultivate, and maintain The Mind of Christ in your ara of ministry? Taking a look at what Dr. Gutierrez tells us in his book. He breaks drop each angiotensin converting enzyme of the three areas and attains some direction and a checklist on applying these elements to your meat. In our Bible study and conversations that we withstand during our meetings, or depict togethers. soul is appointed each beat to research and preen up a game plan for us to discuss and have a meeting of the minds. on the nose as if deliverer was sitting in the room with His disciples. The speaker controls his/her format and shows a ten to fifteen minute summary of what they found interesting and gives us time to react in questions and opinions.This is a meaningful and responsive reaction towards the main source of the material that was presented. Each one gives their time and when there is twain or three in the mist there give be a revival for which the word of theology is proclaim. Dr. Gutierrez states With an open Bible and a spontaneous spirit, you can begin an exciting spiritual journey that will not only instruct you in teachings of the Book of Phillippians but also equip you with bright counsel and guidance.1 So in our meeting we have the spirit and devotion to be with the Mind of Christ.2. Would you consider yourself a Wounded Healer? Also, would you please share an example where you have ministered to a person who is/was wounded in the same manner that you once were? (cf. II Corinthians 13-5) My son and his wife confounded my eight month old grandson to drowing and we had a terrible time understading how God would take a precious baby boy so full of smell and joy. We prayed and search for answers and found that sometimes bad things just find out to you in career. Job lost everything in being a servant to God, and the devil retaliate Job with pain and suffering but he never turn against the Father. Satan attached his character, health, property, and children, but Job fell down and whorshiped. So when this happen to us we reflected on Job story and prayed to the Father and in November they will be blessed with another son.God will never forsake thee and with this we are humble and stronger with faith and salvation in our hearts. 3. How specifically does the Holy tactile property help guide you as you lead/serve in your ministry? Also, can you give a specific example of how you were able to clearly recognize that the Holy Spirit was helping/guiding you in dealing with a particular smear and/or decision while in your ministry? What advice would you give me that, if I obeyed, w ould as for sure me that I would be able to be guided by the Holy Spirit in my life and/or ministry? The Holy Spirit will give you the right questions to asked and will lead you in the correct path to minister to the congregation. Everytime somebody comes to the altar we all pray and the Holy Spirit is present and the feeling of fire is within all hearts and the joyful noise is released.The prayers and praises are apt(p) to the Lord and the church is in the mist of revival. Take heed to honor the Father in your life and humble yourself and seek Jesus to lead you in the direction that the Holy Spirit will take you. John 1416-17 And I will pray the Father, and He will give you another Helper, that He whitethorn abide with you foreverthe Spirit of truth, whom the word cannot receive, beca custom it neither sees Him nor knows Him but you know Him, for He d wellheads with you and will be in you.2 4. Do you have a personal doctrine (i.e. an agreed upon plan of action/policy/understood pr otocol) of how/when/where you confront sin in the lives of 1) co-ministers/co-leaders in your ministry, and 2) bulk to whom you minister? If so, what is it? How did you come to this philosophy? If not, do you see a need for such a philosophy? Why or Why not?Col 22-3 that their hearts may be encouraged, being knit together in love, and attaining to all riches of the full assurance of arrest, to the knowledge of the mystery of God, both of the Father and of Christ,in whom are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge.3 These two verses will give you everything you need the knowledge, wisdom, and know that philosophy is the meaning of exsistence, reality, knowledge, and goodness in the world. The Bible with give you the knowledge as long as you read it, study it, and seek answers from God. He sent Jesus to be the great philosopher, teacher to the disciples, and all heap that listen to Him.I try to set my standards of teaching to the policy of the Bible and seek answers from o thers that have devoted their life to understanding Gods word. This allows for a direct approach to the people I am talking too and allows them to asks questions and hopefully I can give them the correct answers. 5. Can I coiffe a little ministry quiz on you? (Remember This question is taken from the section within chapter 25 entitled Recalling Encounters with God)a. Can you recall for me what you specifically did (i.e. tasks performed, people you talked to, the number of hours of service) on any individual day in your ministry approximately six weeks ago? Yes I can because it was a time of joy and merriment I just finish my AA degree in religion and I wanted to tell everyone how excited I was that I accomplish a goal. It was a personal quest to get a degree in the field and thanks to Liberty University I applied myself and finish. Even though I am continuing on with my schooling I hope to get my BS next year about this same time. It has given me more(prenominal) of a understandi ng and also a guidance in certain material that gave me more opportunity to share with others.Seek and you shall find and with the help of the Father, and His Son I will be a better listener and teacher. b. Can you recall any time in the past that you were either so moved by hearing a sermon, reading a bible verse, hearing a testimony of a someones salvation that made such an impact upon your life that you still have a vivid recollection of the event today? How long ago did that spiritual event take place?It has been many geezerhood ago now that my mother passed away and I dearly love my Mom and when she died a part of me died with her. In June 1997 she gave up this life on this terra firma and Jesus took her away from us. I have always been someone that writes notes, poems and I wrote my Mother one and told her how much I love her and would missed her and during the funeral the preacher use it in his sermon. It was a joy inside and I knew that Jesus was with me and the Holy Spir it had carry my Mother to heaven. I could feel her presence on me as He read the letter and afterwards many people came to me and told me how wonderful it was to be so thankful in loving a person so much, but is this not what Jesus did for us as He was nailed on the cross and when He ask God to forgive us for our sins because we do not know what we do. Somewhere and sometime everyone will depart and hopefully there will be that special love one to remember them as Jesus remembers us on the cross.c. Could you briefly describe for me how your daily Quiet time with God or your Communion time with God or Your Devotion time with God usually goes? My time with God and Jesus is not nearly enough time to humble myself and bowed down and pray like I should. Always to busy to just give my time to just praying and praising the Father. I know that being selfishness is a sin and that I will have to answer to the campaign I went to the game or play golf when I should been studing and preparing. I do pray and many times I am alone and just open my heart to Him and ask for forgiveness and through His precious Son Jesus to lead me in the straight path that He wants me to go. I would say I am a normal man and sometimes I fall short in honoring our Father and His Son.6. As a minister, are you ever tempted to become competitive with either a fellow minister or a neighboring ministry or covet the victor or resources of other ministers and/or ministries? How do you overcome this temptation in your life if/when it ever comes up in your heart? What advice would you give me to make sure I remain content with what God specifically has for me in my own life and/or ministry? Competing against someone else is not my idea of serving God and it is not a game of winning or losing. Jealousy is not a righteous trait to have and to let yourself overcome with jealousy will surely destroy your favor with God.For it is written that the Jews were jealous of Jesus and they crucified Him on a cros s. Even though you expertness not crucified someone there are a lot of people that kill because of jealousy. In our lesson book Ministry is tells us that To love is to stop comparing. It is impossible to have a heart full of love for a Christian brother and still be envious or critical toward him at the same time.4 We only have to read in Genesis all the jealous hatred that occur from the very beginning with Cain and Abel, Joseph and His brothers, and Sarah and Hagar just to name a few these all ended up terrible and no one is ever a winner. Our God is a very Jealous God in Exodus 205 (one of the ten commandments) you shall not bow down to them nor serve them. For I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God.5 The chosen people paid a severe price by worshipping other gods and suffer for forty years in the wilderness. So do not be jealous of any other ministry but rejoice that so many lives are being save. 7. Provide a summary of your interview.a. In what areas of leadership and/or mini stry do you feel you need to improve? Personal style and spend more time in studying and preparing the materials. Reaching out to others, donating more time and energy towards building a better relationship with God and Jesus Chrsit. Set a personal mission in visitation and inviting outsiders to join in our worship service. Help with the youth in planning more activities and helping with the mens club and women auxillary. But the most important will be to talk to God and seek better answers to the questions that people might ask of me. b. Develop a specific plan to improve in these areas.Organize my time, pray longer and often, study and do research, sat down with the elders and members of the council to set up more direct meetings and feedback. Take a look at the finances and see if there is a more productive way to serve up and help others. c. How will you measure your progress?During the monthly meetings set aside a time for the members to ask me questions, and give me feedback on policies and do we need to update old standards and policies that might change with the new generation of the younger members. Get them involved and asked them to get active in planning new outreach programs and as well as visiting new people. Conclusion It is without saying that we must have Jesus Christ in our lives, and as ministers, preachers, or elders we should put ahead extra effort in building a solid foundation in the church. Involvement will be the key and knocking on doors to get people interest in the church. Determine if our motives are still moving in the correct way and take the time to celebrate the joy of friendship. I can not say about how things will change because it is not a lot that I can do except present the message that I have already set in place.If I could have interview any other preacher I do not mobilize that their answers would be to much different than mine. Because I believe if you are call to preach than the Lord our God has already given you a outline to follow. The reason I can say this is because if you go too ten churches they will have certain things they do differently but when it comes to celebrating and worshipping Jesus Christ our the Nazarene most of them are on the same game plan. 1. Living Out the Mind of Christ, Copyright 2011 by Ben Gutierrez. 2. The Holy Bible, New King James indication copyright1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. all(a) rights reserved. 3. Ministry Is,,,copyright 2010 by Dave Earley and Ben Gutierrez. All rights reserved. 4. The Holy Bible, New King James Version copyright1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. All rights reserved. 5. Ministry Is,,,copyright 2010 by Dave Earley and Ben Gutierrez. All rights reserved.Total Word Count 2,356

Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data Essay Example for Free

Approaches to the Analysis of Survey entropy Essay1. Preparing for the Analysis1.1 IntroductionThis return is concerned with some fundamental ideas of compendium of info from brush ups. The disputeion is at a statistic completelyy simple level some other more sophisticated statistical glide slopees be push throughlined in our occupy recent Methods of Analysis. Our aim here is to clarify the ideas that successful entropy analysts ordinarily ingest to consider to complete a watch synopsis task purposefully.An ill-thought- out(a) epitome crop rotter pose incompatible creates and m either results that never get discussed or utilise. It fucking e rattlingplacelook key findings and fail to pull out the sub clubs of the sample where see findings argon evident. Our brief discussion is in laddered to assist the enquiry team in doinging systematic every(prenominal)y it is no substitute for clear-sighted and thorough work by researchers.We do non aim to show a totally nave analyst exactly how to tackle a flusht set of survey selective learning. However, we believe that where readers bottomland undertake staple survey analysis, our recommendations volition help and encourage them to do so better.Chapter 1 outlines a series of foundations, after an preliminary example. Different data types ar distinguished in section 1.2. Section 1.3 looks at data structures simple if there is unmatchable type of sampling social unit subscribe tod, and hierarchical with e.g. communities, home bases and individuals. In section 1.4 we separate out three dresss of survey data handling exploration, analysis and archiving which help to define expectations and procedures for different parts of the boilersuit process.We contrast the research objectives of description or estimation (section 1.5), and of comparison(section 1.6) and what these imply for analysis. Section 1.7 considers when results should be weighted to represent the tribe depen ding on the extent to which a mathematical value is or is non central to the variation of survey results. In section 1.8 we outline the cryptogram of non-numerical answers. The use of ranked data is discussed in brief in section 1.9.In Chapter 2 we look at the ways in which researchers normally analyse survey data. We focus primarily on tabular methods, for reasons explained in section 2.1. Simple one-way tabularises ar often useful as explained in section 2.2. Cross-tabulations (section 2.3) post take numerous forms and we subscribe to to think which argon appropriate. Section 2.4 discusses issues about truth in relation to two- and multi-way tables. In section 2.5 we briefly discuss what to do when some(prenominal) responses can be selected in response to one question. SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey info5Cross-tabulations can look at many opposeents, scarcely only at a small number of questions, and we discuss profiling in section 2.6, cluster analy sis in section 2.7, and forefingers in sections 2.8 and 2.9.1.2 selective information TypesIntroductory Example On a nominated scale the categories put downed, usually counted, ar described verbally. The scale has no numerical attributes. If a single oneway table resulting from simple summarisation of nominal (also called categorical) scale data contains frequenciesChristianHinduMuslimSikhOther292431178625there is little that can be do to present exactly the very(prenominal) information in other forms. We could cover highest frequency prime(prenominal) as opposed to alphabetic order, or reduce the information in some way e.g. if one distinction is of key importance comp bed to the othersHinduNon-Hindu243257On the other hand, where there atomic number 18 ordered categories, the sequence instals horse sense only in one, or in exactly the opposite, orderExcellentGoodModeratePoorVery Bad292431178625We could reduce the information by combining categories as above, but also w e can tot, somewhat numerically, in various ways. For example, accepting a degree of arbitrariness, we index give make ups to the categoriesExcellentGoodModeratePoorVery Bad54321and then get an average collide with a numerical indicator for the sample of29 5+ 243 4+ 117 3+ 86 2+ 25 129+ 243+ 117+ 86+ 25= 3.33This is an analogue of the arithmetical calculation we would do if the categories really were come e.g. family sizes.6 SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey informationThe same average score of 3.33 could arise from differently patterned data e.g. from rather more extreme resultsExcellentGoodModeratePoorVery Bad791931173675Hence, as with any other indicator, this average only represents one feature of the data and some(prenominal) summaries leave behind some eras be makeed.A major distinction in statistical methods is between quantitative data and the other categories exemplified above. With quantitative data, the difference between the values from tw o respondents has a clearly delimitate and incontrovertible meaning e.g. It is 5C hotter now than it was at dawn or You wipe out two more children than your sister.Common can statistical methods provide many long-familiar approaches to such data, and are taught in close to programs, so we give them only passing attention here. In this guide we focus primarily on the other types of data, coded in number form but with slight clear-cut numerical meaning, as follows.Binary e.g. yes/no data can be coded in 1/0 form while purely categorical or nominal data e.g. caste or ethnicity whitethorn be coded 1, 2, 3 using numbers game that are provided arbitrary labels and can non be added or subtracted. It is also common to pose ordered categorical data, where items whitethorn be rated Excellent, Good, Poor, Useless, or responses to attitude statements may be Strongly agree, Agree, Neither agree nor disagree, Disagree, Strongly disagree.With ordered categorical data the number labels should form a rational sequence, because they have some numerical meaning e.g. scores of 4, 3, 2, 1 for Excellent through to Useless. Such data supports limited quantitative analysis, and is often referred to by statisticians as qualitative this usage does non imply that the elicitation procedure must satisfy a purists restrictiveperception of what constitutes qualitative research methodology.1.3 selective information StructureSIMPLE adopt DATA STRUCTURE the data from a single-round survey, analysed with limited credit to other information, can often be thought of as a flat impertinent file of numbers, whether the numbers are counts/measurements, or codes, or a mixture. In a structured survey with numbered questions, the flat file has a pillar for individually question, and a row for for individually one respondent, a convention common to almost all standard statistical packages.If the data form a perfect orthogonal grid with a number in every cell, analysis is made relati vely easy, but there are many reasons wherefore this will not always be the cheek and flat file data will be incomplete or irregular. Most importantly- SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data7 Surveys often involve skip questions where sections are missed out if strange e.g. details of spouses employment do not outlast for the unmarried. These arise legitimately, but imply different subsets of people respond to different questions. Contingent questions, where not everyone qualifies to answer, often lead to inconsistent-seeming results for this reason. If the overall sample size is just adequate, the subset who qualify for a fact set of depending on(p) questions may be besides small to analyse in the detail compulsory. If some respondents fail to respond to some questions (item non-response) there will be holes in the rectangle. Non-informative non-response occurs if the data is missing for a reason unrelated to the true answers e.g. the interviewer turned over t wo pages quite of one Informative non-response means that the absence of an answer itself tells you something, e.g. you are almost sure that the missing income value will be one of the highest in the community.A little potentially informative non-response may be ignorable, if there is plenty of data. If data are sparse or if informativenon-response is frequent, the analysis should take count of what can be inferred from intentional that there are informative missing values. HIERARCHICAL DATA STRUCTURE another complexity of survey data structure arises if the data are hierarchical. A common type of hierarchy is where a series of questions is repeated say for to separately one child in the category, and combined with a household questionnaire, and maybe data cool at community level.For analysis, we can create a rectangular flat file, at the child level, by repeating relevant household information in separate rows for each child. Similarly, we can summarise information for the ch ildren in a household, to create a household level analysis file. The number of children in the household is usually a desirable part of the summary this post-stratification variable can be used to levy sub- rooting analyses at household level separating out households with different numbers of child members.The way the sampling was done can have an effect on interpretation or analysis of a hierarchical study. For example if children were chosen at random, households with more children would have a strikinger notice of inclusion and a simple average of the household sizes would be biased upwards it should be corrected for selection probabilities.Hierarchical structure becomes important, and unmanageableer to handle, if there are many levels where data are collected e.g. government guidance and allocations of resource, District Development Committee interpretations of the guidance, Village Task Force selections of synthetic rubber net beneficiaries, then households and individu als whose vulnerabilities and opportunities are affected by targeting conclusivenesss taken at higher levels in the hierarchy. In such cases, a relational database reflecting the hierarchical8 SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Datastructure is a lots more desirable way than a spreadsheet to define and retain the inter-relationships between levels, and to create many analysis files at different levels. Such issues are described in the guide The Role of a Database Package for look into Projects. Any one of the analysis files may be used as we discuss below, but any such study will be looking at one facet of the structure, and several analyses will have to be brought unneurotic for an overall interpretation.A more sophisticated approach using multi-level modelling, described in our guide on Modern Methods of Analysis, provides a way to look at several levels in concert.1.4 Stages of AnalysisIt is often worth distinguishing the three stages of exploratory analysis, deriv ing the main findings, and archiving.EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS (EDA) means looking at the data files, maybe even before all the data has been collected and entered, to get an idea of what is there. It can lead to additional data collection if this is seen to be needed, or savings by stopping collecting data when a conclusion is al bustling clear, or existing results prove worthless. It is not assumed that results from EDA are ready for release as study findings. EDA usually overlaps with data change it is the stage where anomalies become evident e.g. individually plausible values may lead to a way-out point when combined with other variables on a scatterplot. In an ideal situation, EDA would end with confidence that one has a clean dataset, so that a single version of the main datafiles can be finalised and locked and all published analyses derived from a single consistent form of the data. In practice by and by stages of analysis often produce additional queries about data values . Such exploratory analysis will also show up limitations in contingent questions e.g. we might find we dont have enough currently married women to analyse their income sources separately by district. EDA should include the final reconciliation of analysis ambitions with data limitations. This phase can allow the form of analysis to be tried out and agreed, developing analysis plans and program code in match with the final data collection, data entry and checking. Purposeful EDA allows the subsequent stage of deriving the main findings to be relatively quick, uncontroversial, and well readyd. DERIVING THE MAIN FINDINGS the moment stage willideally begin with a clear-cut clean version of the data, so that analysis files are consistent with one another, and any inconsistencies, e.g. in numbers include, can be clearly explained. This is the stage we amplify upon, later in this guide. It should generate the summary SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data9findings, relatio nships, models, interpretations and narratives, and recommendations that research users will need to begin utilising the results.firstOf course one necessitate to allow time for extra but usually inevitable tasks such as follow-up work to produce further more diminutive findings, e.g. elucidating unexpected results from the pre-planned work. a change made to the data, each time a previously unknown recording or data entry error comes to lightsome. Then it is important to correct the database and all analysis files already created that involve the value to be corrected. This will mean repeating analyses that have already been done using, but not revealing, the erroneous value. If that analysis was done by mouse clicking and with no record of the steps, this can be very tedious. This stage of work is best undertaken using software that can keep a log it records the analyses in the form of program operating instructions that can readily and accurately be re-run.ARCHIVING means that data collectors keep, peradventure on CD, all the non-ephemeral hearty relating to their efforts to acquire information. Obvious components of such a record include(i) data collection instruments, (ii) raw data, (iii) metadata recording the what, where, when, and other identifiers of all variables, (iv) variable names and their interpretations, and labels corresponding to values of categorical variables, (v) query programs used to extinguish analysis files from the database, (vi) log filesdefining the analyses, and (vii) reports. Often georeferencing information, digital photographs of sites and scans of documentary existent are also useful.Participatory village maps, for example, can be kept for citation as digital photographs. Surveys are often tangled endeavours where analysis covers only a component of what could be done. Reasons for developing a good management system, of which the history is part, include keeping the research process organised as it progresses satisf ying the sponsors (e.g. DFIDs) contr square requirement that data should be available if required by the funder or by legitimate successor researchers permitting a detailed re-analysis to authenticate the findings if they are questioned allowing a different breakdown of results e.g. when administrative boundaries are redefined linking several studies together, for instance in longer-term analyses carrying baseline data through to doctor assessment.10 SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data1.5 Population Description as the Major non depicted objectiveIn the next section we look at the objective of comparing results from sub-groups, but a more basic aim is to thought a characteristic exchangeable the absolute number in a category of proposed beneficiaries, or a relative number such as the prevalence of HIV seropositives. The estimate may be needed to describe a whole nation or sections of it. In the basic analyses discussed below, we need to bear in mind two the planned and the achieved sampling structure.Example Suppose before and after surveys were each planned to have a 5050 split of urban and sylvan respondents. sluice if we achieved 5050 splits, these would need some manipulation if we requireed to generalise the results to represent an actual population split of 7030 urbanrural. Say we wanted to assess the change from before to after and the achieved samples were in fact split 5545 and 4555. We would have to correct theresults guardedly to get a meaningful estimate of change. Samples are often stratified i.e. structured to capture and represent particular segments of the target population.This may be ofttimes more sophisticated than the urban/rural split in the previous paragraph. Within- storey summaries serve to describe and characterise each of these parts individually. If required by the objectives, overall summaries, which put together the strata, need to describe and characterise the whole population. It may be fine to trea t the sample as a whole and produce simple, unweighted summaries if (i) we have set out to sample the strata proportionately, (ii) we have achieved this, and (iii) there are no puzzles due to hierarchical structure.Nonproportionality arises from various quite distinct sources, in particular Case A often sampling is disproportionate across strata by design, e.g. the urban situation is more novel, complex, interesting or accessible, and gets greater coverage than the fraction of the population classed as rural. Case B sometimes particular strata are bedevilled with high levels of nonresponse, so that the data are not proportionate to stratum sizes, even when the original plan was that they should be.If we ignore non-proportionality, a simple-minded summary over all cases is not a proper re origination of the population in these instances.The mechanistic response to correct both the above cases is (1) to produce withinstratum results (tables or whatever), (2) to scale the numbers in them to represent the true population fraction that each stratum comprises, and then (3) to combine the results. SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data11There is often a problem with doing this in case B, where non-response is an important part of the disproportionality the reasons why data are missing from particular strata often correspond to real differences in the behaviour of respondents, especially those omitted or under-sampled, e.g. We had very good response rank everywhere except in the north. There a high proportion of the population are nomadic, and we largely failed to find them. Justscaling up data from settled northerners does not take account of the different lifestyle and livelihood of the missing nomads.If you have largely missed a complete category, it is honest to report partial results reservation it clear which categories are not covered and why. One common sampling problem arises when a substantial part of the target population is unwilling or u nable to cooperate, so that the results in effect only represent a limited subset those who volunteer or agree to take part. Of course the results are biased towards e.g. those who command sufficient resources to afford the time, or e.g. those who habitually take it upon themselves to represent others.We would be suspicious of any study which depended to have relied on volunteers, but did not look carefully at the limits this imposed on the generalisability of the conclusions. If you have a low response rate from one stratum, but are still prepared to argue that the data are somewhat representative, the situation is at the very least uncomfortable. Where you have disproportionately few responses, the multipliers used in scaling up to represent the stratum will be very high, so your limited data will be heavily weighted in the final overall summary. If there is any possible argument that these results are untypical, it is worthwhile to think carefully before giving them extra promi nence in this way.1.6 Comparison as the Major ObjectiveOne sound reason for disproportionate sampling is that the main objective is a comparison of subgroups in the population. Even if one of two groups to be compared is very small, say 10% of the total number in the population, we now want roughly equally many observations from each subgroup, to describe both groups roughly equally accurately.There is no point in comparing a very accurate set of results from one group with a very vague, ill-defined description of the other the comparison is at least as vague as the worse description. The same broad teaching applies whether the comparison is a wholly quantitative one looking at the difference in means of a numerical measure between groups, or a much looser verbal comparison e.g. an assessment of differences in pattern across a range of cross-tabulations.12 SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey DataIf for a subsidiary objective we produce an overall summary giving the gener al picture of which both groups are part, 5050 sampling may need to be re-weighted 9010 to produce a quantitative overall picture of the sampled population. The great difference between true experimental approaches and surveys is that experiments usually involve a relatively specific comparison as the major objective, while surveys much more often do not. some(prenominal) surveys have dual objectives, ofttimes ill defined, often contradictory, and usually not formally prioritised. Along with the likelihood of some non-response, this tends to mean there is no sampling scheme which is best for all parts of the analysis, so various different weight schemes may be needed in the analysis of a single survey.1.7 When Weighting MattersSeveral times in the above we have discussed issues about how survey results may need to be scaled or weighted to allow for, or correct for, inequalities in how the sample represents the population. sometimes this is of great importance, sometimes not. A fai r evaluation of survey work ought to consider whether an appropriate tradeoff has been achieved between the need for accuracy and the benefits of simplicity. If the objective is formal estimation, e.g. of total population size from a census of a sample of communities, we are concerned to produce a strictly numerical answer, which we would like to be as accurate as circumstances allow.We should then correct as best we can for a distorted representation of the population in the sample. If groups being formally compared run across several population strata, we should try to ensure the comparison is fair by similar corrections, so that the groups are compared on the basis of consistent samples. In these cases we have to face up to problems such as unusually large weights attached to poorly-responding strata, and we may need to analyse the extent to which the final answer is dubious because of sensitivity to results from such subsamples.Survey findings are often used in less numerical w ays, where it may not beso important to achieve accurate weighting e.g. whatever varieties they grow for sale, a large majority of farawaym households in Sri Lanka prefer conventional red rice varieties for home consumption because they prefer their flavour. If this is a clear-cut finding which accords with other information, if it is to be used for a simple decision process, or if it is an interim finding which will prompt further investigation, there is a lot to be said for keeping the analysis simple.Of course it saves time and money. It makes the process of interpretation of the findings more accessible to those not very involved in the study. Also, weighting schemes depend on good information to create the weighting factors and this may be hard to pin down. SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data13Where we have worryingly large weights, attaching to small amounts of doubtful information, it is natural to want to put limits on, or cap, the high weights, even at the expense of introducing some bias, i.e. to prevent any part of the data having too much impact on the result.The ultimate form of capping is to express doubts about all the data, and to give equal weight to every observation. The rationale, not usually clearly stated, even if analysts are aware they have done this, is to minimise the maximum weight given to any data item.This lends some support to the common practice of analysing survey data as if they were a simple random sample from an unstructured population. For less numerical usages, this may not be particularly problematic as far as simple description is concerned. Of course it is wrong and may be very misleading to follow this up by calculating standard deviations and making claims of accuracy about the results which their derivation will not sustain1.8 CodingWe recognise that purely qualitative researchers may prefer to use qualitative analysis methods and software, but where open-form and otherverbal responses occur along side numerical data it is often sensible to use a quantitative tool. From the statistical viewpoint, basic coding implies that we have material, which can be put into nominal-level categories. Usually this is recorded in verbal or pictorial form, maybe on audio- or videotape, or pen down by interviewers or self-reported. We would advocate computerising the raw data, so it is archived.The following refers to extracting codes, usually describing the routine comments, rather than unique individual ones which can be used for subsequent qualitative analysis. By scanning the set of responses, themes are developed which reflect the items noted in the material. These should reflect the objectives of the activity. It is not necessary to code rare, irrelevant or uninteresting material.In the code development phase, a large enough range of the responses is scanned to be reasonably sure that commonly occurring themes have been noted. If previous literature, or theory, suggests other themes, th ese are noted too. Ideally, each theme is broken down into unambiguous, mutually exclusive and exhaustive, categories so that any response segment can be assigned to just one, and assigned the corresponding code value.A codebook is then prepared where the categories are listed and codes assigned to them. Codes do not have to be consecutive numbers. It is common to think of codes as presence/absence markers, but there is no intrinsic reason why they should not be stratified as ordered categorical variables if appropriate, e.g. on a scale such as fervent, positive, uninterested/no opinion, negative.14 SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey DataThe full body of material is then reviewed and codes are recorded. This may be in relevant places on questionnaires or transcripts. Especially when looking at new material not used in code development, extra items may arise and need to be added to the codebook. This may mean another pass through material already reviewed, to add new co des e.g. because aparticular response is turning up more than expected. From the point of view of analysis, no particular significance attaches to particular numbers used as codes, but it is worth bearing in mind that statistical packages are usually excellent at sorting, selecting or flagging, for example, numbers between 10 and 19 and other arithmetically defined sets.If these all referred to a theme such as forest exploitation activities of male farmers they could substantially be bundled together. It is of course impossible to separate out items given the same code, so deciding the right level of coding detail is essential at an early stage in the process. When codes are analysed, they can be treated like other nominal or ordered categorical data. The frequencies of different types of response can be counted or cross-tabulated. Since they often derive from text passages and the like, they are often particularly well-adapted for use in sorting listings of verbal comments into r elevant bundles for detailed non-quantitative analysis.1.9 Ranking ScoringA common means of eliciting data is to ask individuals or groups to rank a set of options. The researchers decision to use ranks in the first place means that results are less informative than scoring, especially if respondents are forced to choose between some nearly-equal alternatives and some very different ones. A British 8-year-old offered baked beans on toast, or fish and chips, or chicken burger, or sushi with hot radish might rank these 1, 2, 3, 4 but score them 9, 8.5, 8, and 0.5 on a zero to ten scale Ranking is an easy task where the set of ranks is not required to contain more than about quadruplet or five choices.It is common to ask respondents to rank, say, their best cardinal from a list of ten, with 1 = best, etc. Accepting a degree of arbitrariness, we would usually step in ranks 1, 2, 3, 4, and a string of blanks by pseudo-scores 4, 3, 2, 1, and a string of zeros, which gives a complete adjust of numbers we can summarise rather than a sparse array where we dont know how to handle the blanks. A project output paper available on the SSC website explores this in more detail. Converting Ranks to Scores for an ad hoc estimate of Methods of Communication Available to Farmers by Savitri Abeyasekera, JulieLawson-Macdowell Ian Wilson. This is an output from DFID-funded work under the Farming Systems Integrated Pest Management Project, Malawi and DFID NRSP project R7033, Methodological Framework for Combining soft and Quantitative Survey Methods. SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data15Where the instructions were to rank as many as you wish from a fixed, long list, we would tend to replace the variable distance lists of ranks with scores. One might develop these as if respondents each had a fixed amount, e.g. 100 beans, to allocate as they saw fit. If four were chosen these might be scored 40, 30, 20, 10, or with five chosen 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, with zeros a gain for unranked items. These scores are arbitrary e.g. 40, 30, 20, 10 could instead be any number of choices e.g. 34, 28, 22, 16 or 40, 25, 20, 15 this reflects the rather uninformative nature of rankings, and the difficulty of post hoc construction of information that was not elicited effectively in the first place.Having reflected and having replaced ranks by scores we would usually treat these like any other numerical data, with one change of emphasis. Where results might be sensitive to the actual values attributed to ranks, we would stress sensitivity analysis more than with other types of numerical data, e.g. re-running analyses with (4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0, ) pseudo-scores replaced by (6, 4, 2, 1, 0, 0 , ). If the interpretations of results are insensitive to such changes, the choice of scores is not critical.16 SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data2. Doing the Analysis2.1 ApproachesData listings are readily produced by database and many statistical packages. They a re generally on a case-by-case basis, so are particularly suitable inEDA as a means of tracking down odd values, or patterns, to be explored. For example, if material is in verbal form, such a listing can give exactly what every respondent was recorded as saying. Sorting these records according to who collected them, say may show up great differences in field workers aptitude, awareness or approach.Data listings can be an adjunct to tabulation in Excel, for example, the Drill Down feature allows one to look at the data from individuals who appear together in a single cell. There is a place for the use of graphical methods, especially for presentational purposes, where simple messages need to be given in slowly understood, and attentiongrabbing form. Packages offer many ways of making results aglitter(predicate) and colourful, without necessarily conveying more information or a more accurate understanding. A few basic points are covered in the guide on Informative Presentation of Tables, Graphs and Statistics.Where the data are at all voluminous, it is a good idea selectively to tabulate most qualitative but numerically coded data i.e. the binary, nominal or ordered categorical types mentioned above. Tables can be very effective in presentations if stripped down to focus on key findings, crisply presented. In longer reports, a carefully crafted, well documented, set of cross-tabulations is usually an essential component of summary and comparative analysis, because of the limitations of approaches which avoid tabulation Large numbers of charts and pictures can become expensive, but also repetitive, confusing and difficult to use as a source of detailed information. With substantial data, a purely narrative full description will be so long-winded and repetitive that readers will have great difficulty getting a clear picture of what the results have to say. With a briefer verbal description, it is difficult not to be overly selective. Then the reader has to qu estion why a great deal went into collecting data that merits little description, and should question the impartiality of the reporting. At the other extreme, some analysts will skip or skimp the tabulation stage and move rapidly to complex statistical modelling.Their findings are just as much to be distrusted The models may be based on preconceptions rather than evidence, they may fit badly and conceal important variations in the underlying patterns. SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data17 In terms of producing final outputs, data listings rarely get more than a place in an appendix. They are usually too extensive to be assimilated by the busy reader, and are unsuitable for presentation purposes.2.2 One-Way TablesThe most straightforward form of analysis, and one that often supplies much of the basic information need, is to tabulate results, question by question, as one-way tables. Sometimes this can be done using an original questionnaire and writing on it the freq uency or number of people who ticked each box. Of course this does not identify which respondents produced particular combinations of responses, but this is often a first step where a quick and/or simple summary is required.2.3 Cross-Tabulation Two-Way Higher-Way TablesAt the most basic level, cross-tabulations break down the sample into two-way tables showing the response categories of one question as row headings, those of another question as column headings. If for example each question has five possible answers the table breaks the total sample down into 25 subgroups.If the answers are subdivided e.g. by sex of respondent, there will be one three-way table, 5x5x2, probably shown on the page as separate two-way tables for males and for females. The total sample size is now split over 50 categories and the degree to which the data can sensibly be disaggregated will be constrained by the total number of respondents represented.There are usually many possible two-way tables, and ev en more three-way tables. The main analysis needs to involve careful thought as to which ones are necessary, and how much detail is needed.Even after deciding that we want some cross-tabulation with categories of question J as rows and question K as columns, there are several otherdecisions to be made The number in the cells of the table may be just the frequency i.e. the number of respondents who gave that combination of answers. This may be rephrased as a proportion or a percentage of the total.Alternatively, percentages can be scaled so they total 100% across each row or down each column, so as to make particular comparisons clearer. The contents of a cell can equally well be a statistic derived from one or more other questions e.g. the proportion of the respondents pop offing in that cell who were economically-active women. Often such a table has an associated frequency table to show how many responses went in to each cell. If the cell frequencies represent18 SSC 2001 Approac hes to the Analysis of Survey Datasmall subsamples the results can vary wildly, just by chance, and should not be over-interpreted. Where interest focuses mainly on one area of a two-way table it may be possible to combine rows and columns that we dont need to separate out, e.g. ruling party supporters vs. supporters of all other parties. This simplifies interpretation and presentation, as well as reducing the impact of chance variations where there are very small cell counts. Frequently we dont just want the cross-tabulation for all respondents. We may want to have the same table separately for each region of the country described as segmentation or for a particular group on whom we wish to focus such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome orphans described as selection. Because of varying levels of success in covering a population, the response set may end up being very unsmooth in its coverage of the target population. Then simply combining over the respondents can mis-repres ent the intended population. It may be necessary to show the patterns in tables, sub-group by sub-group to convey the whole picture. An alternative, discussed in Part 1, is to weight up the results from the sub-groups to give a fairrepresentation of the whole.2.4 Tabulation the Assessment of AccuracyTabulation is usually purely descriptive, with limited effort made to assess the accuracy of the numbers tabulated. We caution that confidence intervals are sometimes very wide when survey samples have been disaggregated into various subgroups if crucial decisions hang on a few numbers it may well be worth putting extra effort into assessing and discussing how legitimate these are. If the uses intended for various tables are not very numerical or not very crucial, it is likely to cause unjustifiable delay and frustration to sample to put formal measures of precision on the results.Usually, the most important considerations in assessing the lineament or value or accuracy of results are not those relating to statistical sampling variation, but those which appraise the following factors and their effects evenness of coverage of the target (intended) population suitability of the sampling scheme reviewed in the light of field experience and findings sophistication and uniformity of response elicitation and accuracy of field recording efficacy of measures to prevent, compensate for, and understand non-response quality of data entry, cleaning and metadata recording selection of appropriate subgroups in analysis SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data19If any of the above factors raises important concerns, it is necessary to think hard about the interpretation of statistical measures of precision such as standard errors. A factor that has uneven effects will introduce biases, whose size and detectability ought to be dispassionately appraised and reported with the conclusions. illative statistical procedures can be used to guide generalisations from t he sample to the population, where asurvey is not badly affected by any of the above. Inference addresses issues such as whether apparent patterns in the results have come about by chance or can reasonably be taken to reflect real features of the population. Basic ideas are reviewed in Understanding Significance the Basic Ideas of Inferential Statistics.More advanced approaches are described in Modern Methods of Analysis. Inference is particularly valuable, for instance, in determining the appropriate form of presentation of survey results. Consider an adoption study, which examined socioeconomic factors affecting adoption of a new technology. Households are classified as male or female headed, and the level of education and access to credit of the head is recorded. At its most complicated the total number of households in the sample would be classified by adoption, gender of household head, level of education and access to credit resulting in a 4-way table.Now suppose, from chi-squ are tests we find no evidence of any relationship between adoption and education or access to credit. In this case the results of the simple twoway table of adoption by gender of household head would probably be appropriate.If on the other hand, access to credit were the main criterion affecting the chance of adoption and if this association varied according to the gender of the household head, the simple two-way table of adoption by gender would no longer be appropriate and a three-way table would be necessary. Inferential procedures thus help in deciding whether presentation of results should be in terms of one-way, two-way or higher dimensional tables.Chi-square tests are limited to examining association in two-way tables, so have to be used in a by inches fashion for more complicated situations like that above. A more general way to examine tabulated data is to use log-linear models described in Modern Methods of Analysis.2.5 triune Response DataSurveys often contain questions where respondents can choose a number of relevant responses, e.g.20 SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey DataIf you are not using an improved fallow on any of your acres, please tick from the list below, any reasons that apply to you(i)Dont have any land of my own(ii)Do not have any suitable crop for an improved fallow(iii)Can not afford to buy the seed or plants(iv)Do not have the time/labourThere are three ways of computerising these data. The simplest is to provide as many columns as there are alternatives. This is called a multiple dichotomy, because there is a yes/no (or 1/0) response in each case indicating that the respondent ticked/did not tick each item in the list.The help way is to find the maximum number of ticks from anyone and then have this number of columns, entering the codes for ticked responses, one per column. This is known as multiple response data. This is a useful method if the question asks respondents to put the alternatives in order of importan ce, because the first column can give the most important reason, and so on.A third method is to have a separate table for the data, with just 2 columns. The first identifies the person and the second gives their responses. There are as many rows of data as there are reasons. There is no entry for aperson who gives no reasons. Thus, in this third method the length of the columns is equal to the number of responses rather than the number of respondents.If there are follow-up questions about each reason, the third method above is the obvious way to organise the data, and readers may identify the general concept as being that of data at another level, i.e. the reason level. More information on organising this type of data is provided in the guide The Role of a Database Package for Research Projects.Essentially such data are analysed by building up counts of the numbers of mentions of each response. Apart from SPSS, few standard statistics packages have any special facilities for process ing multiple response and multiple dichotomy data. Almost any package can be used with a little ingenuity, but working from first principles is a timeconsuming business. On our web site we describe how Excel may be used.2.6 ProfilesUsually the questions as put to respondents in a survey need to represent atomic facets of an issue, expressed in concrete terms and simplified as much as possible, so that there is no ambiguity and so they will be consistently interpreted by respondents. SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data21Basic cross-tabulations are based on reporting responses to such individual questions and are therefore narrowly issue-specific. A rather different approach is needed if the researchers ambitions include taking an overall view of individual, or small groups, responses as to their livelihood, say. Cross-tabulations of individual questions are not a sensible approach to people-centred or holistic summary of results. Usually, even when tackling issues a g reat deal less complicated than livelihoods, the more important research outputs are complex molecules which bring togetherresponses from numerous questions to produce higher-level conclusions described in more abstract terms.For example several questions may each enquire whether the respondent follows a particular recommendation, whereas the output may be concerned with overall compliance the abstract concept behind the questioning. A profile is a description synthesising responses to a range of questions, perhaps in terms of a set of abstract nouns like compliance. It may describe an individual, cluster of respondents or an entire population.One approach to discussing a big concept is to produce numerous cross-tabulations reflecting actual questions and to synthesise their information content verbally. This tends to lose sight of the profiling element if particular groups of respondents tend to reply to a range of questions in a similar way, this overall grouping will often come out only weakly. If you try to follow the group of individuals who appear together in one corner cell of the first cross-tab, you cant easily track whether they stay together in a cross-tab of other variables.Another type of approach may be more constructive to derive synthetic variables indicators which bring together inputs from a range of questions, say into a measure of compliance, and to analyse those, by cross-tabulation or other methods. See section 2.8 below. If we have an analysis dataset with a row for each respondent and a column for each question, the derivation of a synthetic variable just corresponds to adding an extra column to the dataset. This is then used in analysis just like any other column. A profile for an individual will often comprise a set of values of a suite of indicators.2.7 Looking for responder GroupsProfiling is often concerned with acknowledging that respondents are not just a homogeneous mass, and distinguishing between different groups of respo ndents. Cluster analysis is a data-driven statistical technique that can draw out and thence characterise groups of respondents whose response profiles are similar to one another. The response profiles may serve to differentiate one group from another if they are somewhat distinct.This might be needed if the aim were, say, to define22 SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Datatarget groups for distinct safety net interventions. The analysis could help clarify the distinguishing features of the groups, their sizes, their distinctness or otherwise, and so on. Unfortunately there is no guarantee that groupings derived from data alone will make good sense in terms of profiling respondents. Cluster analysis does not characterise the groupings you have to study each cluster to see what they have in common. Nor does it prove that they constitute suitable target groups for meaningful development interventionsCluster analysis is thus an exploratory technique, which may help to sc reen a large mass of data, and prompt more thoughtful analysis by raising questions such as Is there any sign that the respondents do fall into clear-cut sub-groups? How many groups do there seem to be, and how important are their separations? If there are distinct groups, what sorts of responses do typical group members give?2.8 IndicatorsIndicators are summary measures. Magazines provide many examples, e.g. an assessment of personal computers may give a score in numerical form like 7 out of 10 or a pictorial form of quality rating, e.g.Very goodGoodModeratePoorVery PoorThis review of computers may give scores indicators for each of several characteristics, where the maximum score for each characteristic reflects its importance e.g. for one model- build quality (7/10), screen quality (8/20), processor speed (18/30), hard disk capacity (17/20) and software provided (10/20). The maximum score over all characteristics in the summary indicator is in this case (10 + 20 + 30 + 20 + 2 0) = 100, so the total score for each computer is a percentage e.g. above (7 + 8 + 18 + 17 + 10) = 60%.The popularity of such summaries demonstrates that readers find them accessible, convenient and to a degree useful. This is either because there is little time to absorb detailed information, or because the indicators provide a baseline from which to weigh up the finer points.Many disciplines of course are awash with suggested indicators from simple averages to housing quality measures, social capital assessment tools, or quality-adjusted days of life. Of course new indicators should be developed only if others do nor exist or are un able. Well-understood, well-validated indicators, relevant to the situation in hand are faster and more cost-effective to use. Defining an economical set of meaningful indicators before data collection ought ideally to imply that at SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data23analysis, their calculation follows a pre-defined path, and the va lues are readily interpreted and used.Is it legitimate to create new indicators after data collection and during analysis? This is to be expected in genuine research where fieldwork approaches allow new ideas to come forward e.g. if new lines of questioning have been used, or if survey findings take the researchers into areas notwell covered by existing indicators. A study relatively early on in a research cycle, e.g. a baseline survey, can fall into this category. Usually this means the available time and data are not quite what one would desire in order to ensure well-understood, well-validated indicators come to the fore in final form from the analysis.Since the problem does arise, how does the analyst best face up to it? It is important not to create unnecessary confusion. An indicator should synthesise information and serve to represent a reasonable measure of some issue or concept. The concept should have an agreed name so that users can discuss it meaningfully e.g. complianc e or vulnerability to flooding.A specific meaning is attached to the name, so it is important to realise that the jargon thus created needs careful explanation to out-of-doorrs. Consultation or brainstorming leading to a consensus is often desirable when new indicators are created. Indicators created on the fly by analysts as the work is rushed to a conclusion are prone to suffer from their hasty introduction, then to lead to misinterpretation, often over-interpretation, by enthusiast would-be users. It is all too easy for a little information about a small part of the issue to be taken as the answer to the problemAs far as possible, creating indicators during analysis should follow the same lines as when the process is done a priori i.e. (i) deciding on the facets which need to be included to give a good feel for the concept, (ii) tying these to the questions or observations needed to measure these facets, (iii) ensuring balanced coverage, so that the right input comes from each f acet, (iv) working out how to combine the information gathered into a synthesis which everyone agrees is sensible. These are all parts of ensuring face (or content) validity as in the next section. Usually this should be done in a simple enough way that the user community are all comfortable with the definitions of what is measured.There is some advantage in creating indicators when datasets are already available. You can look at how well the indicators serve to describe the relevant issues and groups, and select the most effective ones. Some analysts rely too much on data reduction techniques such as factor analysisor cluster analysis as a substitute for thinking hard about the issues. We argue that an intellectual process of indicator development should build on, or dispense with, more data-driven approaches. 24 SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey DataPrincipal component analysis is data-driven, but readily provides weighted averages. These should be seen as no more th an a foundation for useful forms of indicator.2.9 ValidityThe basic question behind the concept of validity is whether an indicator measures what we say or believe it does. This may be quite a basic question if the subject matter of the indicator is visible and readily understood, but the practicalities can be more complex in mundane, but sensitive, areas such as measurement of household income. Where we consider issues such as the value attached to indigenous knowledge the question can become very complex. Numerous variations on the validity theme are discussed extensively in social science research methodology literature.Validity takes us into issues of what different people understand words to mean, during the development of the indicator and its use. It is good practice to try a variety of approaches with a wide range of relevant people, and carefully compare the interpretations, behaviours and attitudes revealed, to make sure there are no major discrepancies of understanding. T he processes of comparison and reflection, then the redevelopment of definitions, approaches and research instruments, may all be encompassed in what is sometimes called triangulation using the results of different approaches to synthesise robust, clear, and easily interpreted results.Survey instrument or indicator validity is a discussion topic, not a statistical measure, but two themes with which statistical survey analysts regularly need to engage are the following. Content (or face) validity looks at the extent to which the questions in a survey, and the weights the results are given in a set of indicators, serve to cover in a balanced way the important facets of the notion the indicator is supposed to represent.Criterion validity can look at how the observed values of the indicator tie up with something readilymeasurable that they should relate to. Its aim is to validate a new indicator by reference to something better established, e.g. to validate a prediction retrospectively against the actual outcome.If we measure an indicator of intention to participate or likelihood of participating beforehand, then for the same individuals later ascertain whether they did participate, we can check the accuracy of the stated intentions, and hence the degree of reliance that can in future be placed on the indicator. As a statistical exercise, criterion validation has to be done through sensible analyses of good-quality data. If the reason for developing the indicator is that there is no satisfactory way of establishing a criterion measure, criterion validity is not a sensible approach. SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data252.10 SummaryIn this guide we have outlined general features of survey analysis that have wide application to data collected from many sources and with a range of different objectives. Many readers of this guide should be able to use its suggestions unaided. We have pointed out ideas and methods which do not in any way depend on the a nalyst knowing modern or complicated statistical methods, or having access to specialised or expensive computing resources.The emphasis has been on the importance of preparing the appropriate tables to summarise the information. This is not to belittle the importance of graphical display, but that is at the presentation stage, and the tables provide the information for the graphs. Often key tables will be in the text, with larger, less important tables in Appendices.Often a pilot study will have indicated the most important tables to be produced initially. What then takes time is to decide on exactly the right tables. There are three main issues. The first is to decide on what is to be tabulated, and we have considered tables involving either individual questions or indicators. The second is the complexity of table that isrequired one-way, two-way or higher. The final issue is the numbers that will be presented. Often they will be percentages, but deciding on the most informative b ase, i.e. what is 100% is also important.2.11 Next StepsWe have mentioned the role of more sophisticated methods. Cluster analysis may be useful to indicate groups of respondents and principal components to identify datadriven indicators. Examples of both methods are in our Modern Methods of Analysis guide where we emphasise, as here, that their role is usually exploratory. When used, they should normally be at the start of the analysis, and are primarily to assist the researcher, rather than as presentations for the reader.Inferential methods are also described in the Modern Methods guide. For surveys, they cannot be as simple as in most courses on statistics, because the data are usually at multiple levels and with unequal numbers at each arm of the data. The most important methods are log-linear and logistic models and the newer multilevel modelling. These methods can support the analysts decisions on the complexity of tables to produce.Both the more complex methods and those in this guide are equally applicable to cross-sectional surveys, such as baseline studies, and longitudinal surveys. The latter are often needed for impact assessment. Details of the design and analysis of baseline surveys and those specifically for impact assessment must await another guide26 SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data SSC 2001 Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data27The Statistical Services Centre is attached to the Department of AppliedStatistics at The University of Reading, UK, and undertakes training and consultancy work on a non-profit-making basis for clients outside the University.These statistical guides were originally written as part of a contract with DFID to give guidance to research and support staff working on DFID rude(a) Resources projects. The available titles are listed below.Statistical Guidelines for Natural Resources ProjectsOn-Farm Trials Some Biometric GuidelinesData Management Guidelines for Experimental ProjectsGuidelines for P lanning Effective SurveysProject Data Archiving Lessons from a Case look atInformative Presentation of Tables, Graphs and StatisticsConcepts Underlying the Design of ExperimentsOne Animal per Farm?Disciplined Use of Spreadsheets for Data EntryThe Role of a Database Package for Research ProjectsExcel for Statistics Tips and WarningsThe Statistical Background to ANOVAMoving on from MSTAT (to Genstat)Some Basic Ideas of SamplingModern Methods of AnalysisConfidence Significance Key Concepts of Inferential StatisticsModern Approaches to the Analysis of Experimental DataApproaches to the Analysis of Survey DataMixed Models and Multilevel Data Structures in AgricultureThe guides are available in both printed and computer-readable form. For copies or for further information about the SSC, please use the contact details given below.Statistical Services Centre, The University of ReadingP.O. Box 240, Reading, RG6 6FN linked Kingdomtel SSC Administration+44 118 931 8025fax+44 118 975 3169e- mailemailprotectedwebhttp//www.reading.ac.uk/ssc/